ouch the active and passive

CRRs Active and Passive Voice
Active Voice
In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts.

In each example above, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.

In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed in the verb; the subject is acted upon. The agent performing the action may appear in a "by the . . ." phrase or may be omitted.
(agent performing action has been omitted.)

Sometimes the use of passive voice can create awkward sentences, as in the last example above. Also, overuse of passive voice throughout an essay can cause your prose to seem flat and uninteresting. In scientific writing, however, passive voice is more readily accepted since using it allows one to write without using personal pronouns or the names of particular researchers as the subjects of sentences (see the third example above). This practice helps to create the appearance of an objective, fact-based discourse because writers can present research and conclusions without attributing them to particular agents. Instead, the writing appears to convey information that is not limited or biased by individual perspectives or personal interests.
You can recognize passive-voice expressions because the verb phrase will always include a form of be, such as am, is, was, were, are, or been. The presence of a be-verb, however, does not necessarily mean that the sentence is in passive voice. Another way to recognize passive-voice sentences is that they may include a "by the..." phrase after the verb; the agent performing the action, if named, is the object of the preposition in this phrase.

Choosing Active Voice
In most nonscientific writing situations, active voice is preferable to passive for the majority of your sentences. Even in scientific writing, overuse of passive voice or use of passive voice in long and complicated sentences can cause readers to lose interest or to become confused. Sentences in active voice are generally--though not always-- clearer and more direct than those in passive voice.
passive (indirect)
active (direct):
Sentences in active voice are also more concise than those in passive voice because fewer words are required to express action in active voice than in passive.
passive (more wordy)
active (more concise)
Changing passive to active
If you want to change a passive-voice sentence to active voice, find the agent in a "by the..." phrase, or consider carefully who or what is performing the action expressed in the verb. Make that agent the subject of the sentence, and change the verb accordingly. Sometimes you will need to infer the agent from the surrounding sentences which provide context.
Passive Voice
Agent
Changed to Active Voice
most of the class
agent not specified; most likely agents such as "the researchers"
the CIA director and his close advisors
agent not specified; most likely agents such as "we"

Choosing Passive Voice
While active voice helps to create clear and direct sentences, sometimes writers find that using an indirect expression is rhetorically effective in a given situation, so they choose passive voice. Also, as mentioned above, writers in the sciences conventionally use passive voice more often than writers in other discourses. Passive voice makes sense when the agent performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or unknown or when a writer wishes to postpone mentioning the agent until the last part of the sentence or to avoid mentioning the agent at all. The passive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the action. All great chefs have written their recipes in passive, but there exists no rule that these should be written thus.
Active
Passive
The dispatcher is notifying police that three prisoners have escaped.
Police are being notified that three prisoners have escaped.
Surgeons successfully performed a new experimental liver-transplant operation yesterday.
A new experimental liver-transplant operation was performed successfully yesterday.
"Authorities make rules to be broken," he said defiantly.
"Rules are made to be broken," he said defiantly.
In each of these examples, the passive voice makes sense because the agent is relatively unimportant compared to the action itself and what is acted upon.
Changing active to passive
If you want to change an active-voice sentence to passive voice, consider carefully who or what is performing the action expressed in the verb, and then make that agent the object of a "by the..." phrase. Make what is acted upon the subject of the sentence, and change the verb to a form of be + past participle. Including an explicit "by the..." phrase is optional.
Active Voice
Agent
Changed to Passive Voice
The presiding officer
The leaders
The scientists
In each of these examples, the passive voice is useful for highlighting the action and what is acted upon instead of the agent.
Some suggestions
1. Avoid starting a sentence in active voice and then shifting to passive.
Unnecessary shift in voice
Revised
Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but it was still ordered frequently.
Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but they still ordered it frequently.
He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but he was still laughed at by the other students.
He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but the other students still laughed at him.
2. Avoid dangling modifiers caused by the use of passive voice. A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. Dangling modifier with passive voice
Revised
To save time, the paper was written on a computer. (Who was saving time? The paper?)
To save time, Kristin wrote the paper on a computer.
Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, consultants were hired to break the bad news. Who was seeking to lay off workers? The consultants?)
Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, the CEO hired consultants to break the bad news.
3. Don't trust the grammar-checking programs in word-processing software. Many grammar checkers flag all passive constructions, but you may want to keep some that are flagged. Trust your judgement, or ask another human being for their opinion about which sentence sounds best.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART
SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject. am/is/are + past participle was/were + past participle
Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them.
Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them.
Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprisedby the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form: am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle
Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.
Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.
Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form: have/has been + past participle had been + past participle
Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift. Jack has mailed the gifts.
Passive: Present Perfect The gift has been mailed by me. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.
Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. Penny Marshall had directed those movies.
Passive: Past Perfect The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.
Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.
Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

FUTURE TENSES Passive forms: will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle
Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift. Jack will mail the gifts.
Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me. The gifts will be mailed by Jack.
Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes.
Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)
Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Mai can foretell the future. Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)
Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can't be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not do the homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not do the homework.
Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be done by the lazy students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Students should memorize English verbs. Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.
Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T English verbs should be memorized by students. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)
Passive: OUGHT TO English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.
Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.
Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.
Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO English has to be practiced every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum. They are supposed to make dinner for the family. They aren't supposed to make dessert.
Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

PAST MODALS The past passive form follows this pattern: modal + have been + past participle
Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The students should have learned the verbs. The children shouldn't have broken the window.
Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The verbs should have been learned by the students. The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.

Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to have learned the verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)
Passive: OUGHT TO The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.

Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) I was supposed to type the composition. I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book. Janet was supposed to clean the living room. She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum. Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner. They weren't supposed to make dessert.
Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) The composition was supposed to be typed by me. The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied. The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner was supposed to be made by them. Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.

Active: MAY / MAY NOT That firm may have offered Katya a new job. The students may not have written the paper. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT That firm might have offered Katya a new job. The students might not have written the paper.
Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper may not have been written by the students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper might not have been written by the students



ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.

Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.

Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.
NOTE: Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object.
To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:
1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with the preposition by

3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main verb's form

Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.
As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in active voice flows more smoothly and is easier to understand than the same sentence in passive voice.


It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.
1. Move the passive sentence's subject into the active sentence's direct object slot

2. Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed

3. Placing the passive sentence's object of the preposition .by into the subject slot.

Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever possible.
The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when
the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence
Examples

the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the doer of the action
Examples

the writer wishes to use passive voice for sentence variety.

Conversion of questions in active-passive voice.

1-Whenever a sentence is in question form in the active, it must be converted to the passive in question form also. You have no right to remove the question mark or alter the question format.

Did Isabel sew the dress?
Was the dress sewn by Isabel?

2-If the sentence is a question and compound or double sentence at the same time, you must first solve the first sentence and then the second, then reconnect the joiner. You may no mix the subjects, verbs or objects of the sentences.

Can you beat these eggs while Marina sifts the flour into the bowl?

Can these eggs be beaten by you while the flour is sifted by Marina into the bowl?

3-Whenever your question starts with a wh-word, when you make the conversion the wh- word must still be there in its place.

When will Johanna cover these tablets with golddust?

When will these tablets be covered with golddust by Johanna?

4-Every time a sentence contains a modal, the verb to be for the passive remains whole. Formula: modal + to be + past participle

Must Deyanira prepare dinner for us tomorrow?

Must dinner be prepared by Deyanira for us tomorrow?



QUESTION CONVERSION IN THE 12 TENSES

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

Simple present Does Lucia cook lunch? Is lunch cooked by Lucia?

Simple past Did Lucìa cook lunch? Was lunch cooked by Lucia?

Simple future Will Lucia cook lunch? Will lunch be cooked by
Lucia?
Simple future Is Lucia going to cook lunch? Is lunch going to be cooked
By Lucia?
Simple future Is Lucia cooking lunch tomorrow? Is lunch being cooked by
Lucia tomorrow?
Present continuous Is Lucia cooking lunch? Is lunch being cooked by Lucia?

Past continuous Was Lucia cooking lunch? Was lunch being cooked by Lucia?

Future continuous Will Lucia be cooking lunch? Will lunch be being cooked by
Lucia?
Present perfect Has Lucia cooked lunch? Has lunch been cooked by Lucia?

Past perfect Had Lucia cooked lunch? Had lunch been cooked by Lucia?

Future perfect Will Lucia have cooked lunch? Will lunch have been cooked by
Lucia?
RARE CASES

Tense active passive

Present perfect continuous Has Lucia been cooking lunch? Has lunch been being
Cooked by Lucia?

Past perfect continuous Had Lucia been cooking lunch? Had lunch been being
Cooked by Lucia?

Future perfect continuous Will Lucia have been cooking lunch? Will lunch have
Been being cooked
By Lucia?

when the question is a wh-question just add the wh-word at the beginning.

the who-which-whose pain

CRR RELATIVES DRILLSHEET2
Combine these sentences using who, whom, whose,which, that, where, when.

King Henri IV of France signed the Edict of Nantes.
The Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598.

Julia is my best friend.
I bought her mansarde in 1987 after she became a widow.

I love listening to music by Silvio Rodrìguez.
Silvio Rodrìguez is considered by many critics as a great modern troubadour.

4.My cat Khurrem understands English perfectly.
She is the mother of most of my cats.

May normally brings rain to Nicaragua.
It is very hot in May.

Kenia is a very bright girl.
Her sister Janice is very lazy.

The math class goes by so slowly.
During math class even flies hover sleepily.

Karelia is my uncle`s wife.
I gave the folders to Karelia last night.

Lots of vegetables are grown in Jinotega.
Jinotega is called the City of Mists.

Brian bought new furniture at the new shop.
At the new shop he also saw nice ornaments.

In 1982 I spent some time in Romania.
There I visited Vlad Tepes`castle and King Stefan Cel Mare`s tomb.

Two flies landed on the table.
On the table were several plates of pastry and a big cake.

Bernard was taking pictures in Jerusalem.
Bernard spent 2 weeks in Jerusalem.

Rolando was surprised that I had taken a nap.
The nap, nevertheless, was not very long.

14. Did you taste the delicious soup?
It was made by my niece.

15. Jason was born in October.In October there is the most precipitation of all year.

suffering online

VERBS OF SPEECH VERBS TEST.


Match the meaning to the verb.

______laugh in a scandalous fashion wail
_____ cry with utmost pain boom
______take your word back recant
______sing off key discuss
______talk about a subject extensively warble
______Tarzan does this yowl
______cats in heat produce this noise yodel
______when your breath is audible gasp
______when you talk about unrelated things digress
______narrate tell
______yarn talk endlessly
______call someone in as an order summon
______shout scream
______say loving things to court a person woo
______imitate someone making fun of him mimick
______speak nonsense extensively rigmarole
______excuse yourself apologize
______scold someone noisily harangue
______reprimand someone softly chide
______say something you shouldn`t have said blurt
______talk about someone when he isn`t there gossip
______say bad things about someone slander
______say nice things to someone compliment
_____say nice things forwarding someone or something extoll
______say things over again repeat


Now use any 6 of these in sentences.

la moneda del activo

CRR´S EXPLANATION OF PASSIVE VOICE.

What does the passive voice look like?
Compare these active sentences and passive voice sentences:
active: The boy ate the apple.passive: The apple was eaten by the boy.
active: Mary will drive the van.passive: The van will be driven by Mary.
Identifying S-V-DO
Only sentences which have a direct object can be made into passive voice sentences. Only verbs which take a direct object can be used in passive voice sentences. Let’s look at the sentences we saw above.
The boy ate the apple.subject=boy, verb=ate, direct object=apple
Mary will drive the van.subject=Mary, verb=will drive, direct object=van
You can probably identify the verb easily. The subject comes before (to the left of) the verb and the object comes after (to the right of) the verb.

How do you form the passive voice?
Now that you are able to identify what sentences can be made into the passive voice, you are ready to change sentences into the passive voice.
Changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice involves 3 steps:
move the direct object to the subject of the sentence
move the subject to the end of the sentence; add the preposition "by" before it
change the verb
In the following sentence:
The boy ate the apple.
subject=boy, verb=ate, and direct object=apple
When we change the sentence into the passive, it becomes:
The apple was eaten by the boy.
View a short movie of how a sentence changes from active to passive.
Changing the verb involves several steps:
check the verb tense; use the verb "be" in the same tense
change the verb into a past participle; put this verb after the form of "be"
check that the new verb goes with the new subject
Many English teachers tell students that they should not use the passive voice. Teachers do this because many students use the passive voice without a clear purpose for using it. When the passive voice is used correctly, it is a useful and necessary verb tense in English.
There are two main reasons for using the passive voice in English:
The focus of the sentence is on the object rather than the subjectThe subject of the active sentence is unknown or general.
Oftentimes, when a sentence is in passive voice, the "by" phrase is deleted. This is because the doer of the action is understood or unknown. The "by" phrase is only retained when the doer of the action needs to be made clear even though the focus is on the object of the action.

como hablamos

CRR VERBS OF SPEECH.
Verbs of speech are all those that are used in conversation. They all convey a tone or mode of the conversation. The ones marked with* are regular.
Speak
Talk*
Say
Tell
Call*
Hoot*
Boo*
Holler*
Scream*
Yell*
Shout*
Spell*
Blurt*
Chortle*
Gloat*
Giggle*
Laugh*
Boom*
Bicker*
Chide*
Scold*
Rigmarole*
Wheedle*
Cajole*
Beg*
Plead*
Pray*
Preach*
Lecture*
Express*
Wail*
Weep
Cry*
Explain*
Exclaim*
Howl*
Yowl*
Yodel*
Yawn*
Hiccup*
Sob*
Bleat*
Neigh*
Bark*
Growl*
Grumble*
Peeve*
Complain*
Grunt*
Moan*
Sigh*
Whisper*
Hiss*
Mumble*
Warble*
Sing
Intone*
Declaim*
Recite*
Claim*
Accuse*
Defend*
Drone*
Extoll*
Praise*
Compliment*
Harangue*
Slur*
Brown-nose*
Flatter*
Insult*
Offend*
Remind*
Recall*
Purr*
Recant*
Deny*
Refuse*
Detail*
State*
Declare*
Affirm*
Comment*
Remark*
Deliver*
Describe*
Narrate*
Retell*
Expose*
Present*
Denounce*
Demand*
Sue*
Order*
Ask*
Enquire*
Investigate*
Pry*
Deprecate*
Joke*
Jest*
Banter*
Interrogate*
Coo*
Woo*
Court*
Convince*
Persuade*
Denigrate*
Slander*
Mudsling
Retort*
Answer*
Reply*
Backbite*
Brag*
Boast*
Nag*
Yarn*
Gab*
Whine*
Mimick*
Imitate*
Attempt*
Summon*
Foretell
Predict*
Buzz*
Hum*
Drool*
Stammer*
Stutter*
Reinforce*
Repeat *
Discuss*
Argue*
Interrupt*
Continue*
Digress*
Contend*
Intend*
Interpret*
Broadcast*
Disclose*
Divulge*
Murmur*
Gossip*

sin tapujos!

CRR FAMILY AND WEDLOCK VOCABULARY
Wedding boda
Shotgun wedding boda forzada, a escopeta cargada
Unwed mother madre soltera
Bastard bastardo
Spurious espurio
Illegitimate ilegìtimo
Legitimised Legitimado
Legitimate legìtimo
Love child hijo del amor, hijo natural, habido tras la puerta
Virginity virginidad
Marriage certificate acta de matrimonio
Wedding band anillo de matrimonio
Common law marriage union de hecho
Concubine concubine
Mistress querida,sucursal,amante
Favorite favorita
Maitresse en titre querida oficial de un rey o noble
Family familia
Droit de seigneur derecho de pernada
Cuckolded husband marido carnudo
Horns cucos, cachos
Pimp proxeneta
Whore prostituta
Slut “
Prostitute “
Strumpet “
Midnight woman “
Trollop “
Hussy “
Pleasure hen “
Wench mucama alegrona
Hoyden jilinjoyo, vaguita
Streetwalker meretriz callejera
Hooker “
Petsywetsy mantenida
Sponge esponja, pelaviejos
Kept woman mantenida
Gigolo gigolo
Minion chico de placer
Stud semental, hombre que solo sirve para fornicar
Brood mare yegua de crìa, esposa que pare muchos hijos
Rake libertino
Philanderer mujeriego
Womanizer “
Libertine libertino
Playboy playboy
Rights derechos
Inheritance herencia
Appanage herencia de consolación
Heir heredero
Heiress heredera
Heritage patrimonio
Spouse esposo o esposa
Consort consorte
Fiancè prometido
Fianceè prometida
Betrothal compromiso para casarse
Engagement compromiso para casarse
Dowry dote
Stepchild hijastro
Adoptee adoptado

esencial de verbos

Los verbos
Definición. El verbo es la palabra que expresa una acciòn o estado del ser. Son los motores del idioma.
Los verbos en inglès pueden dividirse en muchas categorías, pero existe una categoría superprivilegiada que contiene solamente al verbo to be, que es a la vez ser y estar.
Entre otras divisiones, tenemos los verbos sujetos a categorías como transitivos(que transmiten una acciòn y por ende toman objeto),los intransitivos(que no transmiten acciòn y no tienen objeto), los estativos(que son los que denotan apariencia o estado del ser),los regulares(los cuales al ir al pasado sencillo y al pasado participio solo añaden d, ed a sus formas enteras),los irregulares(aquellos que al irse al pasado sencillo o al participio no añaden solo d o ed a sus formas sencillas, sino que sufren transformaciones de cualquier ìndole).
Regla del to:
En general, los verbos en inglès en su forma infinitivo van acompañados por el to. To be, to see(ver),to shout(gritar).
Esta partícula to equivale a la terminaciòn castellana en ar,er,ir, e indica que el verbo està entero, que no ha sido conjugado. El el sello de garantìa. Apenas se conjuga el verbo, pierde el to.
El verbo (to) be y sus privilegios El verbo (to) be se conjuga de esta forma: I am (yo soy, estoy) You are (tú eres, estás) He/ she/ it (Él, ella, ello es /está) We are (nosotros/as somos/estamos) You are (vosotros/as sóis/estáis) They are (ellos/as son /están).
a)El verbo to be en simple presente posee tres formas:am,is y are, mientras que toditos los otros solo tienen dos, siendo la variante en la 3era.persona del singular(she,he,it).
Otros verbos, como do solo tienen dos formas en el simple presente.
I do
You do
He/she/it does
We do
They do
b)en el simple pasado, el verbo to be tiene dos formas, todos los otros solo cuentan con una
I was did
You were did
He/She/It was did
We were did
They were did
c)el verbo to be es el ùnico que no utiliza verbo auxiliar para negar o preguntar. Todos los otros utilizan al mismo verbo to be, Hill, have o do para hacerlo en diversos tiempos.
Are you sad? Estàs triste?
May is not here. May no està aquì.
d)estos privilegios le garantizan a to be ser un excelente verbo auxiliar.
Los tres tiempos continuos y dos de los futuros sencillos(formas 2 y 3) DEPENDEN DE ÈL PARA EXISTIR. Y LA FORMA DEL ACTIVO/PASIVO NO PODRÌA EXISTIR SIN EL VERBO TO BE.
I am listening. Yo estoy escuchando(presente continuo)
They were coming.Ellos estaban viniendo.(pasado continuo)
Sara Hill be cooking lasagna. Sara estarà cocinando lasagna.(futuro continuo).
The dog‘s tail was combed by me.La cola del perro fue peinada por mì.Forma pasiva
OTROS VERBOS AUXILIARES.
Además del verbo (to) be, existen otros verbos también esenciales a la hora de aprender bien el inglés: el verbo (to) have (=tener) y el verbo (to) do (=hacer), que, como veremos más tarde, también se utiliza como verbo auxiliar para las formas negativa e interrogativa de algunos tiempos verbales.
LA FORMACION DEL SIMPLE PRESENTE DE LOS VERBOS DE ACUERDO A SU TERMINACION.
Independientemente que el verbo que vayamos a conjugar sea transitivo o intransitivo, regular o irregular, la formación del simple presente se rige por la terminaciòn del verbo, o sea, en què letras acaba. Recordando que todos los verbos excepto to be tienen solo dos formas en el simple presente, notaremos que el cambio se da en la tercera persona del singular mientras las otras se quedan con la versión sencilla sin el to del verbo conjugado.
a)cuando el verbo acaba en consonante, a la tercera persona solo se añade s.
TALK(hablar)
I /you/We/THEY….talk He/she/it…..talks
SING(Cantar)
I/you/We/they….sing He/she/it….sings
b)cuando ek verbo acaba en Y precedida por una consonante, se le cambia la y por I latina y luego se le pega es.
Study(estudiar)
I/you/we/they…study He/she/it….studies
Marry(casar)
I/you/we/they….marry He/she/it….marries
c)cuando el verbo acaba en y pero es precedida por una vocal, solo añadir s sin cambiar nada
play(jugar o tocar instrumento)
I/you/we/they…play He/She/it…..plays
Prey(acechar)
I/you/we/they….prey He/she/it….preys
d)verbos que acaban en x, ch,sh,z se les añade es a la tercera persona
fix(reparar)
I/you/we/they …fix He/she/it…fixes
e)verbos que acaban en o añaden es a la tercera persona
do(hacer)
I/you/We/They….do He/She/it….does
f)verbos que acaban en e se le agrega una s nomàs a la tercera persona
make(hacer)
I/You/we/they……make He(She/it….makes

TIEMPOS CONTINUOS
1. Los tiempos continuos siempre llevan el presente participio del verbo que están conjugando
2. Los tiempos continuos pueden también ser llamados progresivos
3. El verbo auxiliar que impera en los tiempos continuos es el verbo auxiliar TO-BE
4. Para las preguntas y las negativas el verbo TO BE sustituye al verbo TO-DO como palanca auxiliar que se usa en el simple pasado y simple presente, y también sustituye al GOING-TO y el WILL
5. El uso de los continuos es para indicar una acción recurrente o que no fue de un solo golpe en el pasado, presente o futuro. Ej. I was eating when you call.
6. Los continuos son equivalentes al: ANDO – ENDO

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS
1. Cada vez que un tiempo lleve el nombre del perfecto significa que lleva el pasado participio de un verbo conjugado (ADO,EDO, IDO)
2. El tiempo perfecto utiliza como verbo auxiliar al verbo TO HAVE, y en el caso del futuro perfecto se le añade el auxiliar WILL o sea WILL HAVE.
3. El verbo auxiliar HAVE registrara cambio en la tercera persona singular solamente del presente perfecto porque solamente en los tiempos presentes es que hay este cambio.

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS CONTINUOS
1. Cada ves que el nombre del tiempo lleve los denominativos perfecto y continuo, se sabe que lleva el pasado participio del verbo TO BE y el presente participio del verbo que esta siendo conjugado
2. El verbo auxiliar usado en estos tiempos bi-compuestos sigue siendo el TO HAVE, como en los tiempos perfectos.
3. Los tiempos perfectos continuos indican la continuidad o repetición de la acción a la cual se alude (acciones de procesos o repeticiones)

NOMBRES DE LOS TIEMPOS
· Tiempos Simples:
o Simple Present
o Simple Past
o Simple Future
• Simple Future: usando el WILL, que se usa para planes pero no certezas
• Simple Future: usando GOING TO mas el simple presente del verbo TO BE mas la simple forma del verbo siendo conjugado, esta versión es para certeza.
• Simple Future: un presente continuo mas una indispensable palabra que indique futuro (ej: Pamela is studying English next Tuesday), este es usado para certeza.
· Tiempos Continuos:
o Present Progressive or Present Continuous
o Past Progressive or Pass Continuous
o Future Progressive or Future Continuous
· Tiempos Prefectos
o Present Perfect
o Past Perfect
o Future Perfect
· Tiempos Perfectos continuos
o Present Perfecto Continuous
o Past Perfecto Continuous
o Future Perfect Continuous

QUE AUXILIARES SE USAN CON QUIEN?
Todo verbo excepto el TO BE usan auxiliares para negar y preguntar en todos los tiempos(12), estos se llaman auxiliares o verbos palancas para preguntar y negar, desgraciadamente ellos varían conforme el tiempo es que están.
Tiempos Simples o Sencillos:
En el Simple Presente se usa el verbo DO y DOES
En el Pasado Sencillo: se usa el verbo DO en su forma simple pasada DID
En el Simple Futuro: se usan WILL para preguntar y negar
En el Simple Futuro: GOIN TO va a ser usado para preguntar y negar
En el Simple Futuro: el verbo TO BE en el simple presente mas el presente participio del verbo conjugado son usados para preguntar y negar sin olvidar incluir la palabra futurizadora para no perder la secuencia. Ej. Pamela is cooking breakfast next Friday, Is Pamela coking breakfast next Friday?
Tiempos Continuios:
Presente Continuo: se utilice el simple presente del verbo TOBE como auxiliar para preguntar o negar
Pasado Continuo: se utilice el Simple Pasado como auxiliar
Futuro Continuo: se usa nuevamente el WILL como verbo auxiliar

Tiempos Perfectos:
Presente Perfecto: el auxiliar usado es el Simple Presente del verbo TO HAVE, HAS
Pasado Perfecto: el verbo auxiliar es el Simple Pasado del verbo TO HAD
Futuro Perfecto: el auxiliar va a ser WILL mas la forma sencilla sin conjugar del verbo auxiliar
Tiempos Perfectos Continuos:
Presente Perfecto Continuo: se usa el presente simple del verbo TO HAVE, HAS mas el pasado participio del verbo TO BE
Pasado Perfecto Continuo: se auxiliar el simple pasado del verbo TO HAD para todos los pronombres y todas las personas
Futuro Perfecto Continuo: en este tiempo se usa el WILL

NOTA: Cada vez que la pregunta lleva palabra WH, la palabra WH es la primera en la oración, aun antes del auxiliar.
FORMULAS DE LOS DOCE TIEMPOS
Example: Lorenzo studies English.
LOS TIEMPOS SIMPLES O SENCILLOS
Simple Presente
Lorenzo studies English Affirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple Present Conjugated verb + Object

Lorenzo does not study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + TO Do + not + Simple Present verb + Object

Does Lorenzo study English? Yes/No
Auxi. Verb ToDo in Simple Present+ Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb + Object +? Question

Where does Lorenzo study English? WH- Question
Wh-word + Simple Present Aux. Verb To Do+ Noun or Pronoun+ Simple Form of Conjugated Verb. + Object?

Simple Pasado
Lorenzo studied English , Affirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple Past Conjugated verb + Object

Lorenzo did not study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + TO Do in Simple past + not + Simple form of conjugated verb + Object

Did Lorenzo study English? Yes/No
Aux. Verb To Do in Simple Past+ Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb + Object +? Question

Where did Lorenzo study English ? WH- Question
Wh-word + Simple Past Aux. Verb to Do+ Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb. +Object?

Simple Futuro
Simple Future (1) para intenciones WILL= RA/RE(en español)

Lorenzo will study English Afirmative
Noun or Pronoun + will+ Simple form of Conjugated verb+ Object

Lorenzo will not study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + will +not+ Simple form of Conjugated verb+ Object

Will Lorenzo study English? Yes/No
Auxi. + Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb + Object +? Question

Where will Lorenzo study English? WH- Question
Wh-word + will+ Noun or Pronoun+ Simple Form of Conjugated Verb. + Object?


Simple Future (2) para certezas con el GOING TO( va a)
Lorenzo is going to study English Afirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple present of verb to be+ going to+ Simple form of Conjug. verb+ Object

Lorenzo is not going to study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple present of verb to be+ not+ going to+ Simple form of Conjug. verb+ Object

Is Lorenzo going to study English?/ Yes/No question
Simple Present of verb. To be. + Noun or Pronoun + going to+ Simple Form of Conjug. Verb + Object +?

Where is Lorenzo going to study English? wh- Question
Wh-word + Simple Present of verb. To be + Noun or Pronoun+ going to+ Simple form of Conjug Verb. + Object?






Simple Future (3) para certezas con el presente continuo mas palabra futurizadora, sin la palabra futurizadora estos no son futuro
Lorenzo is studying English next week Afirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simp. Pres. of verb to be+ Present Part. of Conjugated verb+ Object+ palabra de futuro

Lorenzo is not studying English next week Negative
Noun or Pronoun + Simp. Pres. of verb to be+ no + Pres. Part. form of Conjugated verb+ Object+ palabra de futuro

Is Lorenzo studying English next week? Yes/No Question
Simple Pres. of verb. To be. + Noun or Pronoun + Pres. Part. of Conjugated Verb + Object +?Future word

Where is Lorenzo studying English next week? Wh question
Wh-word + Simple Pres. of verb. To be+ Noun or Pronoun+ pres. part. form of Conjugated Verb. + Object?

FUTURE WORDS:
Tomorrow
After tomorrow
Day after tomorrow

Se pueden acoplar con:
Week
Upcoming
Next
Forthcoming: el que sigue, el siguiente
Fortnight: quincena

LOS TIEMPOS CONTINUOS
Presente continuo
Lorenzo is studying English. Affirmative
Noun/pron + simple present verb to be + present part.conjugated verb object

Lorenzo is not ( isn´t) studying English negative
Noun/pron simple present verb to be + not + pres.part.of conjugated verb object

Is Lorenzo studying English ? yes/no question
Simple pres.verb to be + noun/pron. + pres.part.conjugated verb + object

Where is Lorenzo studying English ? wh-question
Wh word + simple present verb to be + noun/pron + present part.conug.verb+ object


Pasado continuo
Lorenzo was studying English. Affirmative
Noun/pron + simple past verb to be + present part. conjugated verb object

Lorenzo was not ( wasn´t) studying English negative
Noun/pron simple past verb to be + not + pres. part.of conjugated verb object

Was Lorenzo studying English ? yes/no question
Simple past verb to be + noun/pron. + pres .part. conjugated verb + object

Where was Lorenzo studying English ? wh-question
Wh word + simple past verb to be + noun/pron + present part. conjug. verb+ object

Futuro continuo
Lorenzo will be studying English. Affirmative
Noun/pron + simple future verb to be + present part. conjugated verb object

Lorenzo will not be ( won´t be) studying English negative
Noun/pron simple future verb to be + not + pres. part. of conjugated verb object

Will Lorenzo be studying English ? yes/no question
Auxiliary will + noun/pron. + be + pres .part. conjugated verb + object

Where will Lorenzo be studying English ? wh-question
Wh word + auxiliary will + noun/pron + be + present part. conjug. verb+ object

El futuro continuo solamente se conforma con el formato will be, nunca con el going to como en la versión 2 del futuro sencillo o simple.
LOS TIEMPOS PERFECTOS
Presente perfecto
Lorenzo has studied English. affirmative
Noun/pron. + simple present of aux. verb to have + past participle of conj. verb + object

Lorenzo has not (hasn´t) studied English negative
Noun/pron + simple present verb to have + not + past participle of. conjug. verb + object

Has Lorenzo studied English? Yes/no question
Aux. verb to have in simple pres.+ noun/pron. + past participle of conjug. Verb + object

Why has Lorenzo studied English? Wh-question
Wh word + aux. verb to have in simple pres. + noun/pron + past participle of conjug. verb + object

Pasado perfecto
Lorenzo had studied English. affirmative
Noun/pron. + simple past of aux. verb to have + past participle of conj. verb + object

Lorenzo had not (hadn´t) studied English negative
Noun/pron + simple past verb to have + not + past participle of. conjug. verb + object

Had Lorenzo studied English? Yes/no question
Aux. verb to have in simple past .+ noun/pron. + past participle of conjug. Verb + object

Why had Lorenzo studied English? Wh-question
Wh word + aux. verb to have in simple past. + noun/pron + past participle of conjug. verb + object

Futuro perfecto
Lorenzo will have studied English. affirmative
Noun/pron. + simple future of aux. verb to have + past participle of conj. verb + object

Lorenzo will not have (won´t have) studied English negative
Noun/pron + simple future verb to have + not + past participle of. conjug. verb + object

Will Lorenzo have studied English? Yes/no question
Aux. verb will .+ noun/pron. + have +past participle of conjug. verb + object

Why will Lorenzo have studied English? Wh-question
Wh word + aux. verb will. + noun/pron + have +past participle of conjug. verb + object

LOS TIEMPOS BI COMPUESTOS O PERFECTOS CONTINUOS
Presente perfecto continuo
Lorenzo has been studying English. affirmative
Noun/pron + simple present verb to have+ past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb+ object

Lorenzo has not( hasn´t) been studying English. Negative
Noun/pro + simple present verb to have +not + past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Has Lorenzo been studying English? Yes/no question
Aux.verb to have in simple pres.+ noun/prom+ past.part verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Why has Lorenzo been studying English? Wh-question
Wh-word + aux.verb to have in simple prest.+ noun/pron + past part. verb to be+ pres. part. conjug. verb+ object

Pasado perfecto continuo
Lorenzo had been studying English. affirmative
Noun/pron + simple past verb to have+ past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb+ object

Lorenzo had not( hadn´t) been studying English. Negative
Noun/pro + simple past verb to have +not + past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Had Lorenzo been studying English? Yes/no question
Aux.verb to have in simple past.+ noun/prom+ past.part verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Why had Lorenzo been studying English? Wh-question
Wh-word + aux. verb to have in simple past+ noun/pron + past part. verb to be+ pres. part. conjug. verb+ object

Futuro perfecto continuo
Lorenzo will have been studying English. affirmative
Noun/pron + simple future verb to have+ past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb+ object

Lorenzo will not have( won´t have) been studying English. negative
Noun/pro + simple future verb have +not + past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Will Lorenzo have been studying English? Yes/no question
Aux. Verb will.+ noun/prom+ have + past part. of be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Why will Lorenzo have been studying English? Wh-question
Wh-word + aux. Verb will+ noun/pron + have + past part. verb to be+ pres. part. conjug. verb+ object


LAS VARIANTES EN LOS AUXILIARES USADOS EN CADA TIEMPO PARA PREGUNTAR O NEGAR SON LA JAQUECA DE TODO ESTUDIANTE. PARA EVITARLA, SIGAMOS ESTAS REGLAS Y JAMAS NOS QUIVOCAREMOS.
Para los tiempos sencillos las variantes del Auxiliar son:
1. En el tiempo Presente Sencillo y pasado Sencillo el verbo auxiliar a usarse en To Do.
2. En el Tiempo Futuro Sencillo Versión 2, el auxiliar es Will
3. En el Tiempo Futuro Sencillo Versión 2 y 3, el verbo auxiliar es el verbo To Be

Para los tiempos continuos las variantes del auxiliar son:
1. Para el presente continuo es el verbo to be en sencillo presente.
2. para el pasado continuo es el verbo to be en sencillo pasado.
3. para el futuro continuo es el auxiliar will to be.
4. En los tiempos compuestos o perfectos las variantes de auxiliar son:

Para los tiempos perfectos las variantes en el auxiliar son:
1. Para el presente perfecto el auxiliar es to have conjugado en simple presente.
2. Para el pasado perfecto el auxiliar es el verbo to have conjugado en simple pasado.
3. Para el futuro perfecto el to have va respaldado por el will(will have, simple futuro de to have).

En los tiempos bi-compuestos o perfectos continuos las variantes para los auxiliares son:
1. En el tiempo presente perfecto continuo el verbo auxiliar es to have conjugado en simple presente.
2. En el tiempo pasado perfecto continuo el auxiliar es to have conjugado en simple pasado.
3. En el tiempo futuro perfecto continuo el auxiliar es will .