ÁRISTOTELES LEVALLOIS´GENERAL STUDY GUIDE FOR MIDDLE AGES

HISTORYARTE. SUPPLEMENT FOR THE MIDDLE AGESstudy guide

By DR. CECILIA LEVALLOIS HERNANDEZ

Name    ………………………………………………….Grade …………………………….Date………………………………

LEXICAE

100 Years War

Joan of Arc

Christendom

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux

Crusades

Holy Land

Saladdin

Magna Carta

King John Lackland

William the Conqueror

Emperor Charlemagne

Gothic church

Tythe

Feudal system

Knight

Serf

Knave

Pope

Manor

Dowry

Black Death

Bubonic Plague

Pneumonic plague

Septicemic plague

Knights Templar

Richard I the Lionhearted

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Troubadour

Juggler

William of Aquitaine

William Wallace of Scotland

Edward I Longshanks

King Brian Boru of Ireland

Gateau

Saint Patrick

Brave and wise leader and Scottish patriot, wanted only freedom for his country, called Braveheart, was executed in 1305 on orders of the English king Edward I Longshanks .This warrior became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence. Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, and was Guardian of Scotland, serving until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. In 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston near Glasgow and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him summarily hanged, drawn, and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians.…………………..

She was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages, a member of the Ramnufid dynasty of rulers in southwestern France. She became Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right while she was still a child, then later queen consort of France (1137–1152) and England (1154–1189). Being a fine poetess herself,she was the patron of literary figures such as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn……………………

Known also as  The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, is an Angevin charter originally issued in Latin in the year 1215. It was translated into vernacular French as early as 1219, and reissued later in the 13th century in modified versions. The later versions excluded the most direct challenges to the monarch's authority that had been present in the 1215 charter. The charter first passed into law in 1225; the 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) "The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest," still remains on the statute books of England and Wales.It was not signed by King John Lackland because he was illiterate, but his fingerprint is on it……………………….

Kind of plague that produced a blood infection and killed you very fast…………..

An order of knights with a red cross on white background, designated to protect the crusaders. They later became wealthy bankers and were outlawed by French king Philip the Beautiful…………..

Disease transmitted by infected fleas and mice, very similar to our present leptospirosis, killed millions during the Middle Ages……………

Violent disease which infected the lungs and caused rapid death during the Middle Ages……….

Property, jewels, appanage or amount of money given to the woman upon marriage, so she can give it to her husband……………………………..

Duke of Normandie who conquered England on October 14^th, 1066 by defeating King Harold in the Battle of Hastings.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

System in which the king provided lands to work upon in exchange for fealty and military service………

Land where Jesus was born and where he lived, thought to be necessary that white Christians  hold control over it.

King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death. During his reign, England lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom………………………………

Handsome red- headed Briton who Christianized Ireland………………………….

Handsome and very irresponsible king of England, went on the Third Crusade. Son of Eleanor of Aquitaine from her second husband Henry, and older brother to John Lackland, he is still called in the Middle East the “Blond Boogeyman”…………………………………………………………

Giant of a man, as a powerful king he promoted education. He was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor when Pope Leo III crowned him during Christmas…………..

System which included a noble exchanging  use of his lands for crops grown by his peasants………..

Irish king who ended the domination of the High Kingship of Ireland by the Uí Néill. Building on the achievements of his father, Cennétig mac Lorcain, and especially his elder brother, Mathgamain, Brian first made himself King of Munster, then subjugated Leinster, making himself ruler of the south of Ireland. He is the founder of the O'Brien dynasty,very handsome, goodmusician and gallant, he was killed during the Battle of Clontarf……………………………………

A portion of your income that you donate to the church, around 10 per cent  monthly………………

Bearded and gallant Seljuk sultan, warrior, diplomat, cook and scholar, tender owner of Plum horse and Manx cat Firousi,  the hero of the Third Crusade, died of pneumonia………………………………..

Tall sophisticated and beautiful temples built in the Middle Ages to glorify the Christian God………

A wealthy man born into a noble family, owner of a manor………………………………………………………..

A servant, somebody who works at serving in a household or a crop field, posseses no land………………..

Male household servant………………

Buffoon, harlequin, someone who turns somersault for public entertainer…………………….

In its historical sense, the term usually refers to the medieval and early modern period, during which the Christian world represented a geopolitical power juxtaposed with both paganism and especially the military threat of the Muslim world………………………………………………

A war between France and England that lasted from the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth. The kings of England invaded France, trying to claim the throne. Toward the end of the war, Joan of Arc helped rally the French, who finally drove out the English. Many battles were fought intermittently between England and France from 1337--1453: after early victories the English were expelled from allof France except Calais………………………………………………..

This lady is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. She was born a peasant girl in what is now eastern France, in Lorraine. Claiming divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII of France. She was captured by the Burgundians, transferred to the English in exchange for money, put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon for charges of "insubordination and heterodoxy", and was burned at the stake for heresy  when she was 19 years old…………………………………………………………………..

This leader is the Bishop of Rome and the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. In the Catholic Church, he is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle. The current one is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI…………………………….

This was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350)…………………………………………………………..

 He was called the Troubador, was the Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitou (as William VII) between 1086 and his death. He was also one of the leaders of the Crusade of 1101. Chubby and green-eyed, he had lots of difficulty with the church. Though his political and military achievements have a certain historical importance, he is best known as the earliest troubadour — a vernacular lyric poet in the Occitan language — whose work survived. Women adored him and he took his own cat Gateau on the first Crusade to the Holy Land……………………………………………………

Manx cat belonging to Duke Guillaume D´Aquitaine. He went on crusade with the troubadour…………

Holy man, founder of the Cistercian order, became a saint………………………………………………..

8 in total , these events were created  by popes in order to supposedly rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims, but ended in a total folly of blood, sacking, pillage and a total mess……………….

ARISTOTELES LEVALLOIS´MIDDLE EAST AND EASTERN EUROPE DRILL

GENERAL REVIEW FOR MIDDLE EAST AND EUROPE     DR. LEVALLOIS HERNANDEZ

NAME:_____________________________________DATE:_____________________

1.       CIRCLE THE COUNTRIES THAT BELONG TO THE MIDDLE EAST, UNDERLINE THE ONES THAT BELONG TO EUROPE

FRANCE         ITALY       TURKEY     ISRAEL      CYPRUS      SPAIN       ANDORRA    LATVIA     LITHUANIA

LEBANON    YEMEN      OMAN      BAHRAIN    UNITED ARAB EMIRATES    BELGIUM       SYRIA      IRAN    

RUSSIA    FINLAND    IRELAND       WALES     NETHERLANDS     IRAQ     JORDAN     KUWAIT     QATAR

POLAND   GERMANY   LUXEMBOURG    SWITZERLAND    SWEDEN      NORWAY    SCOTLAND   

ENGLAND     HUNGARY       BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA     CROATIA    KOSOVO    GREECE  

ROMANIA    CROATIA       MONACO      SAN MARINO     PORTUGAL      MALTA         BULGARIA

 UKRAINE         BELARUS        CZECH REPUBLIC   ESTONIA       SLOVAKIA      AUSTRIA     DENMARK      

ICELAND        MACEDONIA      LITCHENSTEIN     SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO

2.       Match the following words to their definitions.

____1.sultan                                        a. ruler of Islamic country

____2. Voivode                                    b. ruler of a Balkan country

____3. Shah                                          c. ruler of Persia

____4. Ayatollah                                  d. high Islamic authority

____5. Tsar                                            e. also written czar, ruler of Russia

____6. Fergana Valley                         f. highly fertile farmland area in Central Asia

____7.Aral Sea                                     g. inland salty lake, with dwindling waters,in Central Asia

____8.Kuwait                                     h. tiny yet very oil rich country next to Saudi Arabia

____9.King Ibn Saud                        i. enlightened man who founded Saudi Arabia

_____10. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk    j. wise blond dictator who is the father of modern Turkey

_____11. Yasser Arafat                     k. first president of Palestine

_____11. Ruhollah Khomeini       k. bearded religious leader who ruled Iran after 1979

_____12. Yasser Arafat                 l. first president of Palestine

_____13. David Ben GUrion         m. first president of Israel

_____14. Mehmet the Conqueror   n. wise and redheaded sultan who conquered Constantinople

_____15. Leonidas                           o. brave bearded Spartan king who fought the Persians

_____16. General Pericles            p. beloved and fair Greek dictator who died of plague

_____17. Ablai Khan                     q. brave warrior,father of Kazhakstan

_____18. Caspian Sea                  r. huge inland salty lake bordering Iran

_____19. She wolf                       s. gentle wolf who nursed Romulus and Remus

_____20. Julius Caesar                t. first dictator of Rome, historian,conqueror of Gallias

_____21. Vercingetorix        u. gorgeous teenaged general who almost defeated the Roman legions     

_____22.Boadicea                v. brave and beautiful Iceni queen who almost defeated the Romans

_____23. War elephants      w. gallant animals used by Hannibal Barca during the Punic Wars    

____24. Cleopatra              x. beautiful and wise Egyptian queen

_____25.Socrates               y. Greek philosopher forced to commit suicide

_____26. Bucephalus         z. idolized steed belonging to Alexander the Great

3.       Answer the following questions:

1.       Which religions are practiced in the Middle East?

2.        What does the termination “stan” means?

3.       Mention three European rivers.

4.       Give the capitals of each countries here mentioned:

Saudi Arabia                                         Latvia                                     Turkey

Afghanistan                                          Uzbekistan                             Kosovo

Greece                                                   Ireland                                   Netherlands

ARISTOTELES LEVALLOIS´TERMS OF JUDAISM DRILLSHEET

Terms of Judaism. by Madame Levallois

Star of David.                                                          Jesus`first cousin, who baptized him.

Judaism.                                                                   First monotheistic religion in the world.

Jew.                                                                           A person who practices Judaism. Male

Jewess.                                                                      Name for God according to the Jews.

Yahweh.                                                                   Female Jew.

Shaddai(Adonai).                                                   Two other names for God given by Jews.

Monotheism.                                                         Religion with only one god.

Polytheism.                                                           Religion with many gods.

Menorah.                                                                Agreement between God and Abraham

Passover.                                                                Candelabrum with several arms

Covenant.                                                              Jewish celebration .

Christianity.                                                             Religion, monotheistic, believes in Christ.

Nativity.                                                                   The birth of Jesus as a Messiah

Joseph.                                                                     Virgin Mary`s husband

Mary.                                                                       The Saviour for the Christians

Jesus.                                                                      Mary`s son by the Holy Ghost

Christ.                                                                     The Messiah for the Christians

Messiah.                                                                  Holy Saviour to expiate our sins

Host.                                                         Tasteless wafer swallowed during Mass by the Christians

Holy Trinity.                                             The Father, The Holy Ghost and the Son, for Christians

Baptism.                                                    Ceremony in which one becomes a Christians

Saint John.                                                           Symbol of Judaism

Torah                                                            Sacred scriptures for the Jews

ARISTOTELES LEVALLOIS´BYZANTIUM CONDENSED LESSON

Flavius Belisarius (Greek: Βελισάριος, ca. 500[1] – 565 AD) was a  general of the Byzantine Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously.One of the defining features of Belisarius' career was his success despite a lack of support from Justinian. He is also among a select group of men considered by historians to be the "Last of the Romans".

Narses was a eunuch who served at the court of Justinian the Great, Byzantine Emperor. Nothing is known of Narses’ youth, how he came to be castrated, nor how he rose to the high position of Chamberlain. When the Nika riots, the most destructive sports riot in history, broke out Narses was the person sent to bribe the crowds into submission. This help he gave to Justinian led to Narses’ advancement to power in the army. Justinian’s dream was to re-conquer Italy and especially Rome. When his general Belisarius lost his trust the mission was turned over to Narses. Despite having never commanded in a battle Narses won several stunning victories and completed the conquest. He was over seventy when he started his career as a general. He outlived Justinian but fell from favor with his successor and was recalled to the east

27 February c. 272[2]  – 22 May 337), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine,[4]  was Roman Emperor  from 306 to 337. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert  to Christianity ,[notes 4]  Constantine and co-Emperor Licinius  issued the Edict of Milan  in 313, which proclaimed tolerance of all religions  throughout the empire.Constantine defeated the emperors Maxentius  and Licinius  during civil wars. He also fought successfully against the Franks , Alamanni , Visigoths , and Sarmatians  during his reign — even resettling parts of Dacia  which had been abandoned during the previous century. Constantine built a new imperial residence at Byzantium , naming it New Rome . However, in Constantine's honor, people called it Constantinople , which would later be the capital of what is now known as the Byzantine Empire  for over one thousand years. Because of this, he is thought of as the founder of the Byzantine Empire.

Anna Comnena is considered the world's first female historian and a major source of information about the reign of her father, Alexius I. Her works are full of details about daily life at court, the deeds of her family, and the exchanges between the Byzantines and western crusaders during the first crusades.

Nika revolt, took place over the course of a week in Constantinople  in AD 532. It was the most violent riot in the history of Constantinople, with nearly half the city being burned or destroyed and tens of thousands of people killed. It remains today one of the world's deadliest ever riots. On January 13, 532 a tense and angry populace arrived at the Hippodrome  for the races. The Hippodrome was next to the palace complex and thus Justinian could watch from the safety of his box in the palace and preside over the races. From the start the crowd had been hurling insults at Justinian. By the end of the day, at race 22, the partisan chants had changed from "Blue" or "Green" to a unified Nίκα ("Nika", meaning "Win!" or "Conquer!"), and the crowds broke out and began to assault the palace. For the next five days the palace was under virtual siege. The fires that started during the tumult resulted in the destruction of much of the city, including the city's foremost church, the Hagia Sophia  (which Justinian would later rebuild).Some of the senators  saw this as an opportunity to overthrow Justinian, as they were opposed to his new taxes and his lack of support for the nobility. The rioters, now armed and probably controlled by their allies in the Senate, also demanded that Justinian dismiss the prefect  John the Cappadocian , who was responsible for tax collecting, and the quaestor  Tribonian , who was responsible for rewriting the legal code . They then declared a new emperor, Hypatius , who was a nephew of former Emperor Anastasius I .Justinian, in despair, considered fleeing, but his wife Theodora  is said to have dissuaded him, saying, "Those who have worn the crown should never survive its loss. Never will I see the day when I am not saluted as empress."  Although an escape route across the sea lay open for the emperor, Theodora insisted that she would stay in the city, quoting an ancient saying, "Royalty is a fine burial shroud," or perhaps, [the royal color] "Purple makes a fine winding sheet."

As Justinian rallied himself, he created a plan that involved Narses , a popular eunuch , as well as the generals, Belisarius  and Mundus . Carrying a bag of gold given to him by Justinian, the slightly built eunuch entered the Hippodrome alone and unarmed, against a murderous mob that had already killed hundreds. Narses went directly to the Blues' section, where he approached the important Blues and reminded them that Emperor Justinian supported them over the Greens. He also reminded them that the man they were crowning, Hypatius, was a Green. Then, he distributed the gold. The Blue leaders spoke quietly with each other and then they spoke to their followers. Then, in the middle of Hypatius's coronation, the Blues stormed out of the Hippodrome. The Greens sat, stunned. Then, Imperial troops led by Belisarius and Mundus stormed into the Hippodrome, killing the remaining rebels.About thirty thousand rioters were reportedly killed.Justinian also had Hypatius executed and exiled the senators who had supported the riot. He then rebuilt Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia, and was free to establish his rule.

Alexius V Ducas Mourtzouphlus, also spelled Alexios V Doukas or Alexius Ducas Murtzuphlus   (died November 1204, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Byzantine emperor in 1204, son-in-law of Alexius III Angelus . He led a revolt against the coemperors Isaac II  and Alexius IV , who were supported by the Fourth Crusade. He then became the last emperor of Byzantium before its overthrow and partition by the Crusaders. In January 1204 Alexius began his four-month reign by imprisoning the deposed Alexius IV , whom he later had strangled. The leader of the anti-Latin party in Constantinople, he disavowed Alexius IV’s debt to the Crusaders and demanded their withdrawal from Constantinople. They instead besieged the city, and three days later (April 12, 1204) Alexius fled to join the fugitive Alexius III . Alexius III, however, blinded him. He was then captured by the Crusaders, who put him to death as the murderer of Alexius IV by casting him from the top of a column in Constantinople.

(c.500  - 548 ), empress of the Byzantine Empire .Theodora was born into the lowest class of Byzantine  society, the daughter of a bearkeeper for the circus . Much of the information from this earliest part of her life comes from the Secret History of Procopius , published posthumously. Critics of Procopius have dismissed his work as vitriolic and pornograpic, but have been unable to discredit his facts. For example, the sources do not dispute Theodora emerged as a comic actress in burlesque  theater, and that her talents tended toward what we might call physical comedy. She was renowned for her animal acts. While her advancement in Byzantine society was up and down, she made use of every opening. She had admirers by the score. Procopius writes that she was a courtesan  who briefly served as the mistress of a provincial administrator, by whom she bore her only child, a son. Sometime before meeting Justinian she became an adherent of the Monophysite  sect of Christianity , which claims Christ was of wholly divine nature. She remained their partisan throughout her life.In 523 Theodora married Justinian, the magister militum praesentalis in Constantinople . On his accession to the throne of Byzantium in 527  as Justinian I , he made her joint ruler of the empire, and appears to have regarded her as a full partner in their rulership. This proved to be a wise decision. A strong-willed woman, she showed a notable talent for governance. In the Nika riots  of 532 , her advice and leadership for a strong (and militant) response caused the riot to be quelled and probably saved the empire.Theodora was Byzantium's first noted proponent -- and, according to Procopius, practitioner -- of abortion ; she convinced Justinian to change the law that forbade permit noblemen from marrying lower class women (like herself). Theodora also advocated the rights of married women to commit adultery , and the rights of women to be socially serviced, helping to advance protections and delights for them; and was also something of a voice for prostitutes and the downtrodden. She also helped to mitigate the breach in Christian sects that loomed large over her time; she probably had a large part in Justinian's efforts to reconcile the Monophysites to orthodoxy.Theodora died of cancer [probably breast cancer] before the age of 50, some 20 years before Justinian died.

The Fall of Constantinople (Turkish : İstanbul'un Fethi; Greek : Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης, Alōsē tēs Kōnstantinoupolēs) was the capture of Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire , which occurred after a siege by the Ottoman Empire , under the command of 21-year-old Ottoman Sultan  Mehmed II , against the defending army commanded by Byzantine Emperor  Constantine XI Palaiologos . The siege lasted from Friday, 6 April 1453 until Tuesday, 29 May 1453 (according to the Julian calendar ), when the city was conquered by the Ottomans.The capture of Constantinople (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked the end of the last remnant of the Roman Empire , an imperial state which had lasted for nearly 1,500 years. It was also a massive blow to Christendom , and the Ottomans thereafter were free to advance into Europe without an adversary to their rear. After the conquest, Mehmed made Constantinople the Ottoman Empire's new capital. Several Greek and non-Greek intellectuals fled the city before and after the siege, migrating particularly to Italy . It is argued that they helped fuel the Renaissance . Some mark the end of the Middle Ages  by the fall of the city and empire.

Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481) (Ottoman Turkish : محمد ثانى, Meḥmed-i s̠ānī; Turkish : II. Mehmet; also known as el-Fātiḥ, الفاتح, "the Conqueror" in Ottoman Turkish ; in modern Turkish , Fatih Sultan Mehmet; also called Mahomet II[1] [2]  in early modern Europe ) was Sultan  of the Ottoman Empire  twice, first for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered  Constantinople  and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire , transforming the Ottoman state into an empire. Mehmed continued his conquests in Asia, with the Anatolian reunification, and in Europe, as far as Bosnia  and Croatia . Mehmed II is regarded as a national hero in Turkey , and Istanbul's Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge  is named after him.

(c. 482 – 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor  from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half  of the classical Roman Empire.One of the most important figures of Late Antiquity  and the last Roman Emperor to speak Latin  as a first language,[1]  Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire . The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and domain. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire".[2]  This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire . His general Belisarius  swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom  in North Africa, extending Roman control to the Atlantic Ocean . Subsequently Belisarius, Narses , and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic Kingdom , restoring Dalmatia , Sicily , Italy , and Rome  to the Empire after more than half a century of barbarian control.The prefect  Liberius  reclaimed most of southern Iberia , establishing the province of Spania . These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million solidi .[3]  During his reign Justinian also subdued the Tzani, a people on the east coast of the Black Sea  that had never been under Roman rule before.A still more resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis , which is still the basis of civil law  in many modern states. His reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture, and his building program yielded such masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia , which was to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity  for many centuries.A devastating outbreak of bubonic plague  (see Plague of Justinian ) in the early 540s marked the end of an age of splendor. The Empire entered a period of territorial decline not to be reversed until the ninth century.Procopius  provides the primary source for the history of Justinian's reign. The Syriac  chronicle of John of Ephesus , which does not survive, was used as a source for later chronicles, contributing many additional details of value. Both historians became very bitter towards Justinian and his empress, Theodora .[5]  Other sources include the histories of Agathias , Menander Protector , John Malalas , the Paschal Chronicle , the chronicles of Marcellinus Comes  and Victor of Tunnuna .Justinian is considered a saint  amongst Orthodox Christians , and is also remembered by some in the Lutheran Church  on November 14.

Hagia Sophia is a former Orthodox  patriarchal  basilica , later a mosque , and now a museum in Istanbul , Turkey . From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it served as an Eastern Orthodox  cathedral  and seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople ,[ except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire . The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931, when it was secularized . It was opened as a museum on 1 February 1935.The Church was dedicated to the Logos , the second person of the Holy Trinity , its dedication  feast taking place on 25 December, the anniversary of the Birth of the incarnation  of the Logos in Christ.[3]  Although it is sometimes referred to as Sancta Sophia (as though it were named after Saint Sophia ), sophia is the phonetic spelling in Latin  of the Greek word for wisdom – the full name in Greek being Ναός τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, "Shrine of the Holy Wisdom of God".Famous in particular for its massive dome , it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture [6]  and is said to have "changed the history of architecture.  It remained the world's largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years thereafter, until Seville Cathedral  was completed in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor  Justinian  and was the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site, the previous two having both been destroyed by rioters. It was designed by the Greek  scientists Isidore of Miletus , a physicist, and Anthemius of Tralles , a mathematician.

  

Aristoteles Levallois´Original Europe History Drills

6 MIDDLE AGES WORD BOX FROM HISTORYARTE SUPPLEMENTS

Dr. Cecilia Levallois

Name:_____________________________Date_____________________Grade:_________

Circle the following terms inside the box. No diagonals or backwords, only horizontals and verticals.

Manor                feudalism         medieval      Saladdin        crusades      Gateau

Tythe                 dowry                 knight            serf              Gothic         bubonic

Septicemic         armory              knave             troubadour       juggler     black Death

Pope      Christendom        saint       Templars    plague      lord     John Lackland

Magna Carta     Guillaume        Eleanor       William     Richard  Lionhearted   

 Charlemagne       Bernard de Clairvaux       Normandie               Joan of Arc 

                                                                                                                                                      TOTAL

MAGNACARTANOYUHFEUDALISMCHARLEMAGNEHOSEIALORDIEMANCUSERF            4

AGOTHICBUBONICGATEAUDOWRYNUYTRETROUBADOURSOFFEAPLAGUE                   4

NORMANDIEPOPEARMORYSAINTTEMPLARKNIGHTSOUYENBAÑOMBLIXTARR             5

OGUILLAUMEBERNARDDECLAIRVAUXELEANORJOANOFARCWALIUETRAMAGNTI        4

RICHARDLIONHEARTEDBLACKDEATHTAHJUGGLERARMORYPLAGUELORDMUNPAT      6    

SERFMANORMAHUTRACHRISTENDOMJOHNLACKLANDMEDIEVALCRUSADES                6

1

TOTAL WORDS TO BE FOUND: 30 Good luck,kindly,Gateau