Tras haber creado mi anterior blog cecilmundo varias personas, muchos de ellos mis alumnos, me sugirieron que creara una secciòn dentro de cecilmundo para publicar mis obras de docencia de idiomas. Dado que la cantidad de documentos de explicaciones, ejercicios y exàmenes de inglès son muy numerosos porque tengo màs de 30 años del ejercicio de la docencia, preferì estrenar blog con mis alumnos a como ellos realmente merecen. En este blog planetcecil no solo iràn mis documentos didàcticos de inglès, sino tambièn la producciòn literaria de varios alumnos que se destacan en las letras. Tambièn darè oportunidad a aquellos que tienen excelentes obras pero que no han logrado publicarlas ya que en mi paìs Nicaragua todo se mueve por la marrana polìtica, y si una no pertenece a determinado partido no verà jamàs publicado su opus. Tambièn tenemos la desgracia de contar con seudoeditores quienes al no conocer verdaderamente de literatura se convierten en mercenarios de la imprenta solo para llenarse ellos mismo de dinero y fama a costillas de los escritores. Todos aquellos que deseen participar en este blog, denlo de antemano por suyo. Aunque lleve mi nombre en un arranque de egolatrìa, yo soy sencillamente vuestra servidora.Cecilia

Las alas de la educación

Las alas de la educación
La educación es un viaje sin final.

La lección de física

La lección de física
Casi aprendida

martes, 25 de diciembre de 2007

piedra angular de las preposiciones

Las preposiciones
Definición. La preposiciòn es aquella palabra que da la ubicación, movimiento, manera o tiempo en cuanto a la relaciòn de los nombres con el resto de la oraciòn.
Existen preposiciones de lugar, movimiento, manera y tiempo. Contrario a las preposiciones perfectas y estables en español, la preposiciòn inglesa es volátil y resbalosa, lo cual la hace uno de los dolores de cabeza màs agudos del aprendizaje del inglès.
A continuación doy la lista completa de las preposiciones màs usadas en inglès, incluyendo las arcaicas.
Single-word(de una sola palabra)
1. aboard (a bordo)
2. about (acerca de, alrededor de)
3. above (por encima)mediando agua o espacio, las superficies no se tocan
4. across (cruzando)
5. after(despuès)
6. against(contra)
7. along(a lo largo, adjunto, en conjunciòn o acuerdo)
8. alongside(de costado)
9. amid(en medio de, rodeado de)
10. amidst (version britànica de amid)
11. among (entre, cuando son 3 o màs siendo ubicados)
12. amongst(versiòn britànica de among)
13. around(alrededor,estimando)
14. as(como,tan)
15. at(a,in)
16. before(antes)
17. behind(detràs)
18. below(debajo)
19. beneath(debajo)
20. beside(contiguo, aledaño, a la par)
21. besides(ademàs)
22. between(entre,cuando es entre 2)
23. beyond(màs allà)
24. by(por, en casos de secuencia, proximidad,autorìa,medios de manufactura o transporte)
25. despite(a pesar de)
26. down(abajo)
27. during(durante)
28. for(por o para)
29. from(de,desde)
30. in (en)
31. inside(adentro)
32. into(de afuera hacia adentro)
33. like(como)
34. near(cerca)
35. nearest (as in “call for the location nearest you”)(màs pròximo)
36. notwithstanding (also used postpositionally)sin que lo anterior impida
37. of(de)
38. off(apagado)
39. on(sobre)
40. onto/de una superficie a otra)
41. opposite(opuesto)
42. out(fuera)
43. outside(afuera)
44. over(finalizado, por encima)
45. past(pasando)
46. re(re, nuevamente)la ùnica que se incorpora al cuerpo de la palabra que afecta
47. round(en redondo)
48. since(desde)
49. through(a travès)
50. throughout(a lo largo y lo ancho, por doquier)
51. till(hasta, versiòn britànica)
52. to(a,hacia)
53. toward(hacia)
54. towards(versiòn britànica del hacia)
55. under(por debajo)
56. underneath(por debajo)
57. unlike(al contrario de)
58. until(versiòn norteamericana del till)
59. up(arriba)
60. upon(sobre)
61. via(via, por medio de)
62. with(con)
63. within(incorporado adentro)
64. without(sin)
65. askew(en diagonal,de medio lado)
66. astride(a lomos de)
67. backwards(hacia atràs)
68. forward(hacia adelante)
69. slantwise(de medio lado)
Note que las preposiciones with in and with out no se usan ya separadas de acuerdo a la gramàtica moderna.
Two words(de dos palabras)
1. according to(de acuerdo con)
2. ahead of (adelante de)
3. because of(a causa de)
4. close to(cercano a)
5. due to(debido a)
6. far from(lejos de)
7. in to (ahora contraìda como into)
8. inside of (dentro de)
9. instead of(en lugar de)
10. on to (contraìda en onto)
11. out of (fuera de)
12. outside of(afuera de)
13. near to/cerca a)
14. prior to(previo a)
15. next to(contiguo a)
16. across from(cruzando desde)
Three words(tres palabras)
1. as far as (tan lejos como, hasta donde)
2. by means of(por medio de)
3. in accordance with(en concordancia con)
4. in place of(en lugar de)
5. in spite of(a pesar de)
6. on behalf of(a favor de, en beneficio de)
7. On top of(encima de)
Archaic or infrequently used (Arcaicas o infrecuentemente usadas)
1. anti (loan word)anti(palabra tomada prestada del latìn)
2. betwixt(entre, antigua forma del between)
3. circa (loan word)cerca, alrededor(tomada prestada del latìn)
4. atwixt(forma antigua de among)
5. cum (loan word)con(tomada del latìn)
6. in lieu of(loan word)en lugar de(tomada del francès)
7. per (loan word)por , tomada prestada del latìn
8. qua (loan word)cual (tomada prestada del latìn)
9. sans (loan word)sin (tomada prestada del francès)
10. unto (largely supplanted by to; used in some formal, religious, and/or archaic contexts)del uno hacia el otro
11. versus (loan word)versus ,tomada prestada del latìn
12. vis-á-vis (loan word)cara a cara(tomada prestada del francès)
Not fully grammaticized(no aceptadas completamente aùn desde el punto de vista gramatical)
1. concerning concerniente
2. considering considerando
3. regarding en cuanto a
Preposition-like modifiers of quantified noun phrases
Modificadores que actùan como preposiciones o frases sustantivas cuantificadas
1. apart from (aparte de)
2. but(pero)màs considerado una conjunciòn
3. except(excepto)
4. plus(màs, extra)
5. save(salvo)
Postpositions(Postposiciones)
1. ago as in “five years ago”, sometimes considered an adverb rather than a postposition, hace, como en “hace 5 años”,mas bien usada como adverbio que como postposiciòn
2. apart as in “this apart”, also used prepositionally (“apart from this”)aparte de
3. aside as in “such examples aside”, also used prepositionally (“aside from such examples”) aparte de, al margen de
4. away as in “five light years away”, sometimes considered an adverb or an adjective rather than a postposition (lejos, retirado)
5. hence as in “five years hence”, sometimes considered an adverb rather than a postposition, partiendo de
6. notwithstanding also used prepositionally
7. on as in “five years on”, also used prepositionally, siguiendo
8. withal archaic as a postposition meaning with , forma antigua de with(con)Cuando h
Cuando hay confusion en torno al uso de preposiciones comos for, from, off, of, or by,
Use estas reglas infallibles.
From se usa en las siguientes funciones:
1-origen The woman from Mozambique is now a famous model.
La mujer de Mozambique es ahora una famosa modelo.

2- departure (salida) Larissa departed from Russia in 1987.
Larissa partiò de Rusia en 1987.

3-Distinction, discrimination (distinction,discriminaciòn)
Teresa still can´t tell apart the Serbs from the Bulgars.
Teresa aùn no puede diferenciar a los Serbios de los Bùlgaros.

4-Abstention, restriction, prohibition(abstenciòn, restricciòn, prohibiciòn)
During the following elections, I will stay away from the ballots as much as I can.
Durante las pròximas elecciones, yo me quedarè lejos de las boletas tanto como pueda.
Diabetics must abstain themselves from consuming sugar.
Los diabèticos deben abstenerse de consumer azùcar.
5-Correspondence, mutuality (correspondencia, mutualidad)
I got a gift from my father and he got two cards from me.
Yo obtuve un regalo de mi padre y e‘l obtuvo dos tarjetas de mì.
6-Partition , taking something from a material (Particiòn, tomar una porciòn de un entero)
The cookies were made from sugared flour.
Las galletas fueron hechas de harina azucarada.

For can be used for the following functions: Por/para puede ser usado en estas funciones.
1-time lapses, periods tiempo, lapsos,perìodos
Stir the pudding for 12 more minutes.
Mueva el budìn por 12 minutos màs.
2- Correspondence, destination Correspondencia, destinos.
This is a letter for Karla.
Esta carta es para Karla.
3-Purpose Propòsito,uso
What do you want that old gadget for?
Para què quieres ese artefacto Viejo?

Off can be used for these functions. Estas pueden ser funciones del off.
1-Putting something to rest , interrupting action Poner algo a descansar, interrumpir acciones.
Turn off the fan, it is chilly!
Apaga el abanico, està hacienda frìo!
2-Removal .remociòn
I have to take off my shoes, my feet are aching.
Yo me tengo que quitar los zapatos, mis pies estàn adoloridos.
3-conclusion conclusion
The workers were finally paid off, now they are happy.
Ya le cancelaron a los trabajadores sus honorarios, ahora ellos estàn felices.
Of is used for these situations: Se usa of para estas situaciones.
1-Composition, make up. Consistence Composiciòn, hechura, consistencia.
The cake was made of chocolate.
El queque fue hecho de chocolate.
2-origin for kings and other personalities of prominence origen de reyes y otras personalidades de prominencia
King Juan Carlos of Spain is very handsome
El rey Juan Carlos de España es muy guapo.
.
3-possession posesiòn
The roses of this drawing are too pink
Las rosas de este dibujo estàn demasiado rosadas.

By can be handled for these cases.Usemos el by para estos casos.:

1-sequence secuencia Do the exercises one by one.
Haz estos ejercicios uno por uno.
2-proximity proximidad I live by a school.
Yo vivo por un colegio.
3-means medios de elaboraciòn The purse was made by hand.
La cartera fue hecha a mano.
4- authorship autorìa Exodus was written by Leon Uris.
Exodo fue escrito por Leòn Uris.
5-medios de transporte. Karen came by bus.
Karen vino en bus.

nuestros hermanos mayores

ANIMAL FAMILY, PARTS AND HOMES VOCABULARY.CRR ORIGINAL

ANIMAL FAMILY.

Goose. Ganso
Gander.gansa
Duckling. Patito
Cob.cisne maco
Pen.cisne hembra
Cygnet.cisne bebé
Boar.cerdo macho
Sow.cerda
Piglet.cerdito
Suckling. Lechón
Dove. Paloma
Pigeon.palomo
Revé.paloma embra
Eaglet.aguilucho
Eagle. Águila
Buck. Venado macho
Doe. Venada
Fawn. Venadito, bambi
Deer. Venado en general
Orse. Caballo
Palfrey.caballo
Steed.caballo
Stallion. Garañón
Mare.yegua
Gelding caballo castrado
Foal. Potrillo
Pony. Caballo joven
Cow. Vaca
Bull. Toro
Steer.res
Ox.buey
Cattle. Ganado
Calf. Ternero
Cub. Cachorro
Lion. León
Lioness. Leona
Tiger. Tigre
Tigress. Tigresa
Puppy. Cachorrito
Bitch. Perra
Dog.perro
Tomcat. Gato macho
Kitten. Gatito
Cat. Gata
Vixen.zorra
Fox.zorro
Duck.pato
Mule. Mula
Donkey.burro
Ass. Asno
Larva. Larva
Egg.huevo
Butterfly. Mariposa
Maggot. Gusano de mosca
Fly. Mosca
Frog. Rana
Tadpole. Gusarapo
Man.hombre
Woman. Mujer
Child.niño,niña
Baby. Bebé
Ewe.oveja hembra
Ram.carnero
Lamb.corderito
Kid.cabrito
Goat.cabro adulto
Sheep.oveja
Kangaroo.canguro
Joey.cangurito
Rooster.gallo
Hen.gallina
Chicken.pollo
Capon.pollo castrado















ANIMAL COLLECTIVES.

Swarm.enjambre
Throng.enjambre
Kindle.grupo de gatitos
Clawder.grupo de gatos adultos
Skein.grupo de gansos volando
Litter.camada
Gaggle.grupo de gansos corriendo
School o shoal.banco o escuela de peces
Pack.jauría
Stampede.estampida
Herd.rebaño
Flock. Bandada

DENOMINATIONS.

Mammal.mamífero
Reptile.reptil
Fis.pez
Vertébrate. Vertebrado
Insect. Insecto
Arthropod.artrópodo
Mollusk. Molusco
Amphibian. Anfibio
Microorganism. Microorganismo
Marsupial. Marsupial
Primate. Primate
Protozoa. Protozoario
Virus. Virus
Microbe. Microbio

HOMES.
Lair. Guarida
Den.leonera(madriguera)
Cocoon. Crisálida
Pigsty.chiquero
Túnel. Túnel
Nest.nido




BODY PARTS.

Paw.pezuña
Claw.garra
Loins. Ijares
Tail.rabo,cola
Mane. Melena
Snout. Ocico
Wiskers. Bigotes
Horn. Cacho, cuerno (animales domésticos)
Antle.cuerno(animales salvajes)
Trunk.trompa
Fans.colmillos
Tusks.colmillos largos
Feather.pluma
Wing.ala
Crest.cresta
Beak.pico
Bill.pico
Webfeet.patas unidas
Gills. Agallas
Scales.escamas
Fur.pelaje
Coat.pelaje
Antennae.antena
Shell.concha
Spots.manchas
Udder.ubre
Teat.teta
Hump.joroba
Haunch.trasero

cocinando en inglès

A CHEF´S GUIDE TO COOKING VERBS IN ENGLISH.
CRR ORIGINAL(English teacher and chef).


Unfasten.solatr,desmoldar
Fill. Llenar o rellenar
Glaze.glasear
Pare.recortar.
Peel.pelar
Wash.lavar
Dice.cortar finamente.
Cut.cortar
Shred.rallar
Grind.moler
Cube.cortar en cubos o cuadritos
Grate.rallar
Sliver.lasquear finamente
Press.prensar,presionar
Pummel.martajar
Boil.hervir
Braise.anegar en caldo
Heat.calentar
Reheat.recalentar
Chafe.recalentar
Simmer.hervir a fuego lento
Sauteé.saltear
Fry.freír
Batter-dip.cubrir en adobo
Dip.remojar
Deep fry. Freir en abundante grasa, rebosar
Steam. Cocer al vapor
Toast.tostar
Vaporize.vporizar
Sift.colar,preferiblemente secos
Put.poner,colocar
Place.colocar, ubicar
Strain.colar (preferiblemente húmedo)
Bake.hornear
Barbecue. Hacer a la barbacoa
Broil.asar
Roast.asar en brasas
Piece.pedazear
Cover.cubrir,tapar
Clean.limpiar
keep.conservar, guardar
Grill.asar en plancha
Add.añadir
mix.mezclar.
stir.revolver
beat.batir
move.mover
blend.mezclar
form.formar
shape.formar
knead.amasar
touch.tocar
spill.derramar
sprinkle.espolvorear
salt.salar
spread.untar
smoke.ahumar
corn.salar la carne, acecinar
freeze.congelar
dampen.remojar
wet.mojar
drench.empapar
cool.enfriar
defrost.descongelar
thaw.descongelar
scorch.achicharrar
burn. Quemar
sear.quemar velozmente
flambee.llamear
brown.dorar
flip.voltear velozmente
puree.hacer puré
cruz.picar como el hielo
mince.picar finamente
color.colorear
process.procesar
package.empacar
texturize.texturizar
melt.derretir
pick.escoger
frost.dar baño al queque
make.hacer
do.hacer
bread.empnizr
sweeten.endulzr
sour.agriar
ferment.fermentaar
spoil.estropear
compose.componer
decomposer.descomponer
serve.servir
chill.helar al extremo
decorate.decorar
taste.degustar
open.abrir
close.cerrar
pry.extricar
measure.medir
weigh.pesar
calculate.calcular
squeeze.apretar, estrujar
trim.recortar
foil.envolver en papel metálico
stitch.zurcir
cream. Hacer en crema
whip.batir
separate.separar
join.agregar, juntar
lift.levantar
dry.secar
condense.condensar
evaporate.evaporar
thicken.engrosar
thin.aguar
powder.pulverizar
churn.batir vigorosamente para cuajar
curd.cuajar
caramelize.acaramelar
percolate.percolar
chop.picar
spray.atomizar,esprayar
whirl.mezclar a alta velocidad
slit.cortar, abrir
split.partir a la mitad
shell.sacar de la concha
warm. Entibiar
bag.meter en bolsa
core.sacarle el centro
expand.expandir
budget.presupuestar
brush.cepillar
paint.pintar
design.diseñar
shorten.acortar
lard.procesar en manteca de cerdo
tenderize.suavizar,ablandar
marinate.marinar
flota.flotar
crisp.poner en agua,como lechuga,a crispar
distill.destilar
brew.fermentar, como cerveza
top.montar encima
season.sazonar
spice.agregar especias
classify.clasificar
stew.guisar
arrange.arreglar
fold.doblar
drain.drenar
dress.aderezar
mousse.convertir en mousse
clear.aclarar
stuff.rellenar
skewer.insertar
insert.insertar
remove.quitar
order.ordenar
granulate.granular
roll.enrollar
tin.enlatar
pickle.encurtir
clamp.sujetr
whisk.batir ligeramente
bone.deshuesar
grease.engrasar
oil.aceitar
dust.espolvorear
water.agregar agua
pour.verter
replace.reemplazar
wring.retorcer
handle.manipular
shake.sacudir
shave.afeitar o hacer colochos secos
coil.retorcer en forma
butter.enmantequillar
clip.recortar
flake. Hacer en jaldre
sqyuirt.verter un chorrito
crust.hacer una corteza

el amigrañante apòstrofe inglès

CRR ´s Using The Apostrophe

The apostrophe has three uses:
1) to form possessives of nouns.2) to show the omission of letters(contractions)
Apostrophes are NOT used for possessive pronouns or for noun plurals, including acronyms.
Forming possessives of nouns
To see if you need to make a possessive, turn the phrase around and make it an "of the..." phrase. For example:
the boy's hat = the hat of the boy
three days' journey = journey of three days
If the noun after "of" is a building, an object, or a piece of furniture, then no apostrophe is needed!
room of the hotel = hotel room
door of the car = car door
leg of the table = table leg
Once you've determined whether you need to make a possessive, follow these rules to create one.
• add 's to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in -s):
the owner's car
James's hat
• add 's to the plural forms that do not end in -s:
the children's game
the geese's honking
• add ' to the end of plural nouns that end in -s:
houses' roofs
three friends' letters
• add 's to the end of compound words:
my brother-in-law's money
• add 's to the last noun to show joint possession of an object:
Todd and Anne's apartment
Showing omission of letters
Apostrophes are used in contractions. A contraction is a word (or set of numbers) in which one or more letters (or numbers) have been omitted. The apostrophe shows this omission. Contractions are common in speaking and in informal writing. To use an apostrophe to create a contraction, place an apostrophe where the omitted letter(s) would go. Here are some examples:
don't = do not
I'm = I am
he'll = he will
who's = who is
shouldn't = should not
didn't = did not
could've= could have (NOT "could of"!)
'60 = 1960
Forming Possessives
Showing possession in English is a relatively easy matter (believe it or not). By adding an apostrophe and an s we can manage to transform most singular nouns into their possessive form:
· the car's front seat
· Charles's car
· Bartkowski's book
· a hard day's work
Some writers will say that the -s after Charles' is not necessary and that adding only the apostrophe (Charles' car) will suffice to show possession. Consistency is the key here: if you choose not to add the -s after a noun that already ends in s, do so consistently throughout your text. You will find that some nouns, especially proper nouns, especially when there are other -s and -z sounds involved, turn into clumsy beasts when you add another s: "That's old Mrs. Chambers's estate." In that case, you're better off with "Mrs. Chambers' estate."
There is another way around this problem of klunky possessives: using the "of phrase" to show possession. For instance, we would probably say the "constitution of Illinois," as opposed to "Illinois' (or Illinois's ??) constitution."

When we want the possessive of a pluralized family name, we pluralize first and then simply make the name possessive with the use of an apostrophe. Thus, we might travel in the Smiths' car when we visit the Joneses (members of the Jones family) at the Joneses' home. When the last name ends in a hard "z" sound, we usually don't add an "s" or the "-es" and simply add the apostrophe: "the Chambers' new baby."
Many writers consider it bad form to use apostrophe -s possessives with pieces of furniture and buildings or inanimate objects in general. Instead of "the desk's edge" (according to many authorities), we should write "the edge of the desk" and instead of "the hotel's windows" we should write "the windows of the hotel." In fact, we would probably avoid the possessive altogether and use the noun as an attributive: "the hotel windows." This rule (if, in fact, it is one) is no longer universally endorsed. We would not say "the radio of that car" instead of "that car's radio" (or the "car radio") and we would not write "the desire of my heart" instead of "my heart's desire." Writing "the edge of the ski" would probably be an improvement over "the ski's edge," however. For expressions of time and measurement, the possessive is shown with an apostrophe -s: "one dollar's worth," "two dollars' worth," "a hard day's night," "two years' experience," "an evening's entertainment," and "two weeks' notice" (the title of the Hollywood movie nothwithstanding).

Possessives of Plurals & Irregular Plurals
Most plural nouns already end in s. To create their possessive, simply add an apostrophe after the s:
· The Pepins' house is the big blue one on the corner.
· The lions' usual source of water has dried up.
· The gases' odors mixed and became nauseating.
· The witches' brooms were hidden in the corner.
· The babies' beds were all in a row.
With nouns whose plurals are irregular, however, you will need to add an apostrophe followed by an s to create the possessive form.
· She plans on opening a women's clothing boutique.
· Children's programming is not a high priority.
· The geese's food supply was endangered.
(But with words that do not change their form when pluralized, you will have to add an -s or -es.)
· The seaweed was destroyed by the fishes' overfeeding.
Holidays Showing Possession
A number of American Holidays have possessive forms, and are peculiarly inconsistent. "Mother's Day" and "Father's Day" are easy enough, one parent at a time, and "Parents' Day" is nicely pluraiized, as is "Presidents' Day" which celebrates the birthdays of both Washington and Lincoln. "All Souls' Day (Halloween)," of course, takes a plural possessive. "Veterans Day" is plural but not possessive, for historical reasons shrouded in mystery. Martin Luther King Jr. Day has no possessive. "New Year's Day," "St. Valentine's Day," St. Patrick's Day," and "April Fool's Day" all have their singular possessive form, and so, while we're at it, does "Season's Greetings." Note that "Daylight Saving Time" is neither possessive nor plural.
Compound Possessives
When you are showing possession with compounded nouns, the apostrophe's placement depends on whether the nouns are acting separately or together.
· Miguel's and Cecilia's new cars are in the parking lot. This means that each of them has at least one new car and that their ownership is a separate matter.
· Miguel and Cecilia's new cars are in the parking lot.This construction tells us that Miguel and Cecilia share ownership of these cars. The possessive (indicated by 's) belongs to the entire phrase, not just to Cecilia.
Another example:
· Lewis and Clark's expectations were very much the same. This construction tells us that the two gentlemen held one set of expectations in common.
· Lewis's and Clark's expectations were altogether different.This means that the expectations of the two men were different (rather obvious from what the sentence says, too). We signify separate ownership by writing both of the compounded proper nouns in the possessive form.
When one of the possessors in a compound possessive is a personal pronoun, we have to put both possessors in the possessive form or we end up with something silly: "Bill and my car had to be towed last night."
· Bill's and my car had to be towed last night.
· Giorgio's and her father was not around much during their childhood.
If this second sentence seems unsatisfactory, you might have to do some rewriting so you end up talking about their father, instead, or revert to using both names: "Giorgio and Isabel's father wasn't around much . . . ." (and then "Giorgio" will lose the apostrophe +s).
Possessives & Compound Constructions
This is different from the problem we confront when creating possessives with compound constructions such as daughter-in-law and friend of mine. Generally, the apostrophe -s is simply added to the end of the compound structure: my daughter-in-law's car, a friend of mine's car. If this sounds clumsy, use the "of" construction to avoid the apostrophe: the car of a friend of mine, etc. This is especially useful in pluralized compound structures: the daughters-in-law's car sounds quite strange, but it's correct. We're better off with the car of the daughters-in-law.
Possessives with Appositive Forms
When a possessive noun is followed by an appositive, a word that renames or explains that noun, the apostrophe +s is added to the appositive, not to the noun. When this happens, we drop the comma that would normally follow the appositive phrase.
· We must get Joe Bidwell, the family attorney's signature.
Create such constructions with caution, however, as you might end up writing something that looks silly:
· I wrecked my best friend, Bob's car.
You're frequently better off using the "of-genitive" form, writing something like "We must get the signature of Joe Bidwell, the family attorney" and "I wrecked the car of my best friend, Bob."
Double Possessives
Do we say "a friend of my uncle" or "a friend of my uncle's"? In spite of the fact that "a friend of my uncle's" seems to overwork the notion of possessiveness, that is usually what we say and write. The double possessive construction is sometimes called the "post-genitive" or "of followed by a possessive case or an absolute possessive pronoun" (from the Oxford English Dictionary, which likes to show off). The double possessive has been around since the fifteenth century, and is widely accepted. It's extremely helpful, for instance, in distinguishing between "a picture of my father" (in which we see the old man) and "a picture of my father's" (which he owns). Native speakers will note how much more natural it is to say "He's a fan of hers" than "he's a fan of her."
Generally, what follows the "of" in a double possessive will be definite and human, not otherwise, so we would say "a friend of my uncle's" but not "a friend of the museum's [museum, instead]." What precedes the "of" is usually indefinite (a friend, not the best friend), unless it's preceded by the demonstratives this or that, as in "this friend of my father's."

modals

CRR MODALS TABLET.


Each modal auxiliary can be used for different things. In Spanish, we modify the mode of verb by adding ía, es. In English, we do it by adding the modal auxiliary verbs.
If you follow this tablet, you will never have any trouble.
These are used for the following purposes:

Might may can could would should ought to have/has to must
1.Possibility x x x x

2. Permission x x x x

3. Requests x x x x

4. certainty x

5. present capacity x

6. past capacity x

7. wishes, desires x

8.choice,alternative x

9. advice x x

10.obligatory x x

11.daily chores x

12. compulsory x
13.deduction,assumption

what is it made of?


CRR MATERIALS VOCABULARY.
Gas.gas
Liquid.líquido
Solid.sólido
Gel.gelatina
Cloth.tela
Fabric.tela
Silk.seda
Satin.satén
Taffeta.tafetán
Lame.lame
Organza.organdí
Tweed.tweed
Challis.challis
Cotton.algodón
Seersucker.manta corrugada
Dacron.Dacron
Denim.mezclilla
Corduroy.corduroy
Velvet.terciopelo
leather.cuero
elastic.elástico
linen.lino
wool.lana
viscose.viscosa
rayon.ryon
jersey.jersey
spandex.lycr
polyester.polyester
nylon.nilón
plastic.plástico
rubber.hule
latex.látex
hide.cuero de animl
fur.piel deaniml
diesel.diesel
fuel.combustible
kerosene.kerosene
petroleum.petróleo
petroleum jelly.vaselin
water.agua
stone.piedra
quartz.cuarzo
diamond.diamante
obsidian.obsidiana
crystal.cristal
glass.vidrio
wood.madera
salt.sal
paper.papel
cardboard.cartón
marble.mármol
gem.gema
cork.corcho
amethyst.amatista
emerald.esmeralda
ruby.rubí
garnet.granate
enamel.esmalte
silver.plata
gold.oro
iron.hierro
steel.acero
bone.ueso
ivory.marfil
amber.mbar
fat.grasa
tin.estaño
zinc.zinc
mercury.mercurio
copper.cobre
Aluminum.aluminio
Lead.plomo
Sapphire.zafiro
Topaz.topacio
Cement.cemento
Asbestos.asbestos
Concrete.concreto
Powder.polvo
Oil.aceite
Tar.alquitráan
Gunpowder.pólvora
Metal.metal
Helium.helio
Neon.neon
Polish.barniz
Lacquer.laca
Rock.piedra
Agate.ágata
Onyx.ónix
Jade.jade
Coral.coral
Platinum.platino

what you wear

CRR garment vocabulary list.

Cap.gorra
Hat.sombrero
Bonnet.gorrito
Kippa.gorro judío
Beret.boina
Headband.cintillo o aro
Barrette.prensapelo
Ponytail holder.prensa cola
Veil.velo
Coronet.coronita
Diadem.diadema
Tiara.tiara
Mask.máscara
Earmuff.orejeras
Earrings.aretes
Hoops.aretes de argolla
Studs.aretes de remache
Goggles.lentes para bucear
Glasses.anteojos
Sunglasses.anteojos para el sol
Contact lenses.lentes de contacto
Nosering.anillo nasal
Nosestud.remache de nariz
Choker.gargantilla
Collar.cuello de la camisa
Necklace.collar
Chain.cadena
Shawl.chal
Poncho.poncho
Coat.abrigo
Fur coat.abrigo de piel
Raincoat.capote
Umbrella.sombrilla,parasol.
Sweater. Suéter
Jacket.chaqueta
Vest.chaleco
Tuxedo.traje de pinguino,”smoking”
Tie.corbata
Suspenders. Tirantes de varón
Shirt.camisa
t-shirt.camiseta
sweatshirt.sudadera
corsage.ramillete
stickpin.prendedor de alfiler
suit.traje de saco
cufflinks.mancuernillas
cuff.puños de camisa
pocket.bolsillo
hem.ruedo
seam.costura
blouse.blusa
straps.tirantes
buckle.hebilla
belt.faja
sash.fajón
girdle.fajero, faja elástica
corset.corset
camisole.camisolín
undershirt.camisola de hombre
tank top.blusa sin mangas
sari.sari
dress.vestido
underskirt.fustán
skirt.falda
anklet.tobillera o cadena de tobillo
waistchain.cadena de cintura
pants.pantalones
trousers.pantalones
slacks.pantalones de mujer
jeans.azulones
dungarees.azulones
overalls.mono
jumpsuit. Sobrevestido
pantsuit.conjunto de pantalón
leotard.leotardo
swimsuit.traje de baño
bathing suit.traje de baño
maillot.bañador enterizo
bikini.bikini
tanga.tanga
pareo.envoltura corta de cadera
sarong.envoltura larga de cadera
bracelet.brazalete
bangle.brazalete
toering.anillo del dedo del pie
mittens.guantes
gloves.guantes
apron.delantal
uniform.uniforme
robe.ropaje
bathrobe.salida de baño
panties.calzones
bloomers.calzones
brief.calzoncillos
bra.sostén
slip.combinación
halter.blusa sin espaldas
tutu.falda de balletista
shoes.zapatos
slippers.zapatillas
boots.botas
sandals.sandlias
mules.sandalias de meter
things.chinelas de gancho
espadrilles.alpargatas
moccasins.mocasines
sneakers.zapatos deportivos
clogs.zuecos
pumps.zapato elegante de mujer
high- heeled shoes.zapatos tacón alto
bridal gown.traje de novia
nightgown.camisón de dormir
negligée.camisón sexy de dormir
nightshirt.camisa de dormir
pajama.pijama
kimono.kimono(Japón)
obi.fajón de gala(Japón)
bib.gola
epaulets.charreteras
belt carrier.cargadores
fly.portañuela
button.botón
soutane.sotana
cassock.casaca
zipper.cremallera
purse.bolso de mujer
handbag.bolso de mano
satchel.bolsón
backpack.mochila
wallet.billetera
garter.liga
stockings.medias
pantyhose.pantimedias
socks.calcetines
peignoir.camisón elegante
scarf.bufanda
handkerchief.pañuelo
rainboots.botas para lluvia
parka.chaqueta para el frio
anorak.chaqueta para el frío
ring.anillo
wedding band.sortija de matrimonio
brooch.broche
wig.peluca
tunic.túnica
caftan.caftan
smock.chaquetón para embarazo
flounce.vuelo
costume.disfraz
bermudas.shorts largos