Tras haber creado mi anterior blog cecilmundo varias personas, muchos de ellos mis alumnos, me sugirieron que creara una secciòn dentro de cecilmundo para publicar mis obras de docencia de idiomas. Dado que la cantidad de documentos de explicaciones, ejercicios y exàmenes de inglès son muy numerosos porque tengo màs de 30 años del ejercicio de la docencia, preferì estrenar blog con mis alumnos a como ellos realmente merecen. En este blog planetcecil no solo iràn mis documentos didàcticos de inglès, sino tambièn la producciòn literaria de varios alumnos que se destacan en las letras. Tambièn darè oportunidad a aquellos que tienen excelentes obras pero que no han logrado publicarlas ya que en mi paìs Nicaragua todo se mueve por la marrana polìtica, y si una no pertenece a determinado partido no verà jamàs publicado su opus. Tambièn tenemos la desgracia de contar con seudoeditores quienes al no conocer verdaderamente de literatura se convierten en mercenarios de la imprenta solo para llenarse ellos mismo de dinero y fama a costillas de los escritores. Todos aquellos que deseen participar en este blog, denlo de antemano por suyo. Aunque lleve mi nombre en un arranque de egolatrìa, yo soy sencillamente vuestra servidora.Cecilia

Las alas de la educación

Las alas de la educación
La educación es un viaje sin final.

La lección de física

La lección de física
Casi aprendida

miércoles, 26 de diciembre de 2007

those terms we ignore

PHARMACEUTICAL, MEDICINE, HEALTH VOCABULARY.
CRR ORIGINAL
Drugstore. droguería, farmacia.
Drug. droga
Pharmacy.farmacia
Druggist. Farmacéutico.
Pharmacologist. Farmacólogo
Cemical. Producto químico
Chemist. Químico, farmacéutico
Vitamin. Vitamina
Alcohol. Alcohol
First aid kit. Botiquín de primeros auxilios.
Band-aid. Curita
Gauze. Gasa
Cotton. Algodón
Merthiolate. Mertiolate.
Iodine. Yodo
Brush. Cepillo, brocha o pincel.
q-tips. Palillos de limpieza
toothbrush. Cepillo dental
dental floss. Hilo dental
suture silk. Hilo de suturas
suture. Sutura
scalpel. Escalpelo, bisturí
laser. Láser
peroxide. Peróxido
constipation. Estreñimiento
tincture. Tintura
antibiotic. Antibiótico
analgesic. Analgésico
painkiller. Analgésico
ether. Éter
anestesia. Anestesia
trilene. Trileno
pomade. Pomada
cream. Crema
lotion.loción
cosmetic. Cosmético
emetic. Emétic
pill. Píldora
Pill. Pastilla anticonceptiva
Contraceptive. Anticonceptivo
Condom. Condón
Rubber. Vulgar para el preservativo
Diaphragm. Diafragma
IUD (intrautierine device). DIU (diapositivo intra uterino)
Copper T. T de cobre
Dalkon shield. Escudo de Dalkon.
Coil. Espiral
Spermicide. Espermicida.
Penicillin. Penicilina
Capsule. Cápsula
Lozenge. Tableta, comprimido
Salts. Sales
Suppositories. Supositorios.
Enema. Enema
Douche bag. Bolsa de ducha interna
Catheter. Catéter
Needle. Aguja
Hypodermic. Hipodérmica
Shot. Inyección
Acupuncture. Acupuntura
Syringe. Jeringa
Intravenous. Intravenosa
Syrup. Sirope
Drops. Gotas
Vaccine. Vacuna
Massage oil. Aceite para masaje
Embrocation. Pomada
Face cream. Crema facial
Emollient. Emoliente
Shaving cream. Crema de afeitar
Foam. Espuma
Gel. Gelatina
Astringent. Astringente
Cleanser. Limpiador
Sanitary napkins. Toallas sanitarias
Tampon. tampón
Razor blade. Hoja o cuchilla de afeitar
Therapy. Terapia
Cure. Cura
Healer. Curandero
Medicine. Medicina
Medication. Medicamentos
Formula. Formula
Laboratory. Laboratorio
Smear. Muestra
Test tube. Probeta
Bunsen burner. Quemador
Processor. Procesador
Centrifuge. Centrífuga
Lab. Test. Examen de laboratorio
Pap smear. Muestra para papanicolau
Blood test. Examen de sangre
Diálisis. Diálisis
Nebulizer. Nebulizador
Glucometer. Glucómetro
Pressure band. Banda para tomar la presión
Scale. Bácula
Apron. Delantal
Thermomether. Termómetro
Tapeworm. Solitaria intestinal
Urine test. Examen de orina
Spittle test. Examen de esputo
Tracer. Trazador
x.rays. rayos x
ultrasound. Ultrasonido
TAC. Tomografía axial computarizada
Spinal tap. Examen de médula espinal
Amniocentesis. Amniocéntesis
Sample. Muestra
Abortion. Aborto
D and C(dilation and curettage). Dilatación y curetaje.
Vacuum suction. Succión por aspiradora.
Salina injection. Inyección salina.
Hysterectomy. Histerectomía
Hysterotomy. Histerotomía
Intestinal by pass. Recorte intestinal
Hemorrhoids. Hemorroides
Anal fistula. Fistula anal.
Peritonitis. Peritonitis
Appendectomy. Apendectomia
Colostomy. Colostomía
Infibulation. Infibulación
Mutilation. Mutilación
Castration. Castración
Sterilization. Esterilización
Laparoscopy. Laparoscopia
Exploratory surgery. Cirugía exploratoria
Circumcision. Circumcisión
Vasectomy. Vasectomía
Plastic surgery. Cirugía plástica
Surgery. Cirugía
Surgeon. Cirujano
Physician. Médico
Doctor. Doctor
Nurse.enfermera
Therapist. Terapeuta
Resident. Residente
Internist. Internista
Pediatrician.pediatra
Gynecologist. Ginecólogo
Midwife. Partera
Obstetrician. Obstetra
Psychologist. Sicólogo
Shrink. “loquero” vulgar para psiquiatra
Psychiatrist. Siquiatra
Analyst. Analista
Lab technician. Técnico de laboratorio
Otorrinolaryngologist. Otorrinolaringólogo
Urologist. Urólogo
Dermatologist. Dermatólogo
Podiatrist. Especialista en los pies
Orthopedist. Ortopedista
Dysfunction. Disfunción
Crippled. Tullido, dishabilitado
Wheelchair.silla de ruedas
Walking aid. Andarivel
Crutch.muleta
Cast.yeso
Cane. Bastón
Corset. Corset
Morphine. Morfina
Laudanum. Láudano
Belladonna. Belladona
Opium.opio
Tranquilizers. Tranquilizantes
Stimulants. Estimulantes
Sleeping pills. Pastillas somníferas
Pitocin. Pitocina (suero abortivo)
Oxcytocin. Oxcitocina (suero abortivo)
Powder.polvo
Spray. Atomizador
Medical appointment. Consulta médica, cita con el médico
Hospital.hospital
Clinic. Clínica
Ambulance. Ambulancia
Stretcher. Camilla
Nerologist. Neurólogo
Neurosurgeon. Neurocirujano
Hydrotherapy. Hidroterapia
Hydrophobia. Hidrofobia
Rabies. Rabia
Cancer. Cáncer
Leukemia. Leucemia
Diabetes. Diabetes
Cirrosis. Cirrosis
Hepatitis. Hepatitis
Jaundice. Ictericia
Rickets. Cornetismo
Scurvy. Escorbuto
Piorrhea.piorrea
Malaria. Malaria, paludismo
Sore throat. Garganta inflamada
Headache. Dolor de cabeza
Migraine. Migraña
Stomachache. Dolor de estómago
Diarrea.diarrea
Bulimia. Bulimia
Anorexia.anorexia
Eating disorders. Desórdenes de la alimentación
Malnutrition. Desnutrición
Famine. Hambruna
Anemia. Anemia
Trombosis. Trombosis
Heart attack. Ataque al corazón
Pleurisy. Pleuresía
Dropsy. Hidropesía
Edema. Edema
Wound. Herida
Lesion.lesión
Sprain.esguince
Fracture.fractura
Multiple fracture. Fractura multiple
Paraplegic. Parapléjico
Parálisis. Parálisis
Stroke. Ataque cerebral
Amnesia.amnesia
Insomnia.insomnio
Neurosis. Neurosis
Stress. Surménage, tension
Paranoia. Paranoia
Schizophrenia. Esquizoprenia
Lunacy. Locura
Insanity. Locura
Nervous breakdown. Colapso nervioso
Histeria. Histeria
Depresión. Depresión
Autism. Autismo
Diphteria.difteria
Porphyria.porfiria
Renal parálisis.parálisis renal
Intoxication. Intoxicación
Salmonella. Salmonella
Vomiting. Vómito
Throw up, retch.vomitar
Regurgitation. Regurgitación
Meteorism. Meteorismo
Burp. Eructo
Colitis.colitis
Fart.pedo
Turd. Fragmento de excremento
Stool. Excremento o deposición fecal
Urine. Orina
Semen. Semen
Blood. Sangre
Hemoglobin. Hemoglobina
Scoliosis. Escoliosis
Enzyme. Enzima
Hormones. Hormona
Adrenaline. Adrenalina
Peristalsis. Peristalsis
Heartburn. Aacidez
Gastritis. Gastritis
Dyspepsia. Dispepsia
Phenilketonuria. Fenilketonuria
Gastroenterologist. Gastroenterólgo
Ulcer. Ulcera
Bunion.juanete
Gall bladder removal. Remoción de vesícula biliar
Cistitis. Chistata
Satirizáis. Satirizáis
Nymphomania. Ninfomanía
Erotomania.erotomanía
Pedophile. Pedófilo
Perversión. Perversión
Averration. Aberración
frigidity. Frigidez
Sterility. Esterilidad
Fertility.fertilidad
Amenorrea. Amenorrea
Menstruation. Menstruación
Pregnancy. Preñex, embarazo
Miscarriage. Aborto espontáneo
Glucose. Glucosa
Lancets. Lancetas
Insulin. Insulina
Homosexuality. Homosexualismo
Lesbianism. Lesbianismo
Masturbation. Masturbación
Onanism. Onanismo, ipsación
Voyeur. Voyeur
Sadist. Sadista
Masochist. Masoquista
Peeping tom. Pesquisón sexual
Flasher. Exhibicionista
Rape. Violación
Child abuse. Abuso infantil
Trauma. Trauma
Convulsion. Convulsión
Cramp.calambre
Spasm.espasmo
Orgasm. Orgasmo
Hurt. Doler
Pain.dolor
Ache. Dolor moderado
Discomfort.dolor tenue
Labor. Labor de parto
Contraction. Contracción
Lubrication.lubricación
Excitement. Excitación
libido. Líbido
abrasión. Abrasión
sore. Llaga, magulladura
welt. Cardenal
bruise. Moretón
scratch. Rasguño
burn. Quemadura
sunburn. Quemadura solar
peeling. Peladura
sweat. Sudor
sweat glands. Glándulas sudoríparas
laryngitis. Laringitis
cold. Catarro, resfriado
goiter. bocio
deficiency. Deficiencia
pneumonia. Neumonía
bronchitis. Bronquitis
tuberculosis. Tuberculosis
consumption. Tisis
tracheaotomy. Traqueotomía
influenza. Influenza, (flu) quebradora
leptospirosis. Leptospirosis, fiebre amarilla
diagnosis. Diagnóstico
síndrome. Síndrome.
Scarlet fever,. Escarlatina
German measles. Rubeola
Measles. Sarampión
Smallpox.viruela
Infection. Infección
Septicemia. Septicemia
Tetanus. Tétano
Poliomielitis. Poliomielitis
Acne. Acné
Boil. Ampolla enorme
Zit. Espinilla grande
Pimple. Espinilla
Spot. Mancha
Wart. Verruga
Albino. Albino
Faulty pigmentation. Pigmentación defectuosa
Obesity. Obesidad
Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis
Artritis. Artritis
Rheumatism. Reumatismo
Alopecia. Alopecia
Baldness. Calvicie
Lupus. Lupus
Tachycardia. Taquicardia
Miopía. Miopía
Astigmatism. Astigmatism
Daltonism. Color blindness
Midget. Enano
Venereal disease. Enfermedades venéreas
Chancre.chancro
Condyloma. Condiloma
Syphyllis. Sífilis
Gonorrhea. Gonorrea
Candidiasis. Candidiasis
Herpes. Herpes
Cyst. Quiste
Tumor. Tumor
Bleeding. Sangrado
Hemorrhage. Hemorragia
Down´s síndrome. Mongolismo
Mental retardation. Retraso mental
Alzheimer. Alzheimer
Parkinson´s disease.mal de Parkinson
Neuropathy. Neuropatía
Stinging. Ardor
Tingling. Hormigueo
Numbness. Entumecimiento
Mute. Mudo
Deafness. Sordera
Blindness. Ceguera
Dandruff. Caspa
Asthma. Asma
Psoriasis. Psoriasis
Dizziness. Mareo
Faint. Desmayo
Nausea. Nausea
Backache. Dolor de espalda
Injury. Lesión o golpe severo
Coma. Coma
Death. Muerte
Lividity. Lividez
Pallor. Palidez
Shaking. Estremecimiento
Phobia.fobia
Epidemic.epidemia
Cholera.cólera
Ebola.ebola
Fast. Ayuno
Leprosy.lepra
Sunstroke. Insolación
Embolia. Embolia
Runny nose. Nariz mucosa
Mucus.moco
Keratin. Keratina
Blister. Ampolla
Callus(corns).callos
Uremia. Uremia
Gum bleeding. Sangrado de encías
Nosebleed.sangrado de nariz
Stillborn. Bebé nacido muerto
Scratching. Rasquiña
Rash. Erupción
Earache. Dolor de oído
Toothache. Dolor de muelas
Molars.muelas
Incisives.colmillos
Taste buds. Papilas gustativas
Mania. Manía
Aracnophobia.aracnofobia
Clinophobia. Clinofobia (miedo de estar acostado)
Claustrophobia. Claustrofobia
Nictopobia.nictofobia
Xenophobia. Xenofobia
Homophobia. Homofobia
Ailurophobia. Ailurofobia
Obsesión.obsesión
Cingulotomy(lobotomía).lobotomía
Open-heart surgery. Cirugía a corazón abierto
Transplant. Trasplante
Ritidectomy. Ritidectomía
Liposuction. Liposucción
Lipids.lípidos
Lipectomy. Lipectomía
Breastfeeding. Lactanciamaterna
Breast cancer. Cancer de mamas
Ovariectomy. Ovariectomía
Dermabrasion. Dermabrasión
Massage. Masaje
Piercing. Perforación
Cuticle. Cutícula
Stimulation. Estímulo
Reaction. Reacción
Colesterol.colesterol
Hypoglucemia. Hipoglicemia
Sugar slump. Bajón de azúcar
Diet. Dieta
Weight control. Control de peso
Stretc marks. Estrías
Cut.cortadura
Bite. Mordedura
Snakebite.mordedura de culebra
Antidote. Antídoto
Poisoning. Envenenamiento
Milk of magnesia. Leche de magnesia
Antiacid. Antiácido
Toxoplasmosis.toxoplasmosis
Minerals. Minerales
Supplements. Suplementos
Prescription. Receta médica
Asepsia. Asepsia
Tweezer.pinza
Nail clipper.cortauña
Ingrown toenail. Uñero
Sneeze. Estornudo
Cough.tos
Revulsion. Asco extremo
Digestión. Disgestión
Indigestión. Indigestión
Bowel. Tripas
Entrails. Entrañas
Ovulation. Ovulación
Ejaculation. Eyaculación
Premature ejaculation. Eyaculación precoz
Rupture.ruptura
Ectopic pregnancy. Preñez o embarazo ectópico
Endometriosis. Endometriosis
Bee sting.picadura de abeja
Allergy. Alergia
hay fever. Fiebre del heno
Athlete´s foot. Pie de atleta
Fungus. Hongos
Micosis. Micosis
Elephantiasis. Elefantiasis
Arterosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis.
Sclerosis. Esclerosis
Stammering. Tartamudeo
Dyslexia. Dyslexia
Hyperkinesis. hiperkinesis
Bone marrow. Medula del hueso
Alcoholism. Alcoholismo
Saliva.saliva
Spittle. Esputo
Bile. Bilis
Pituitary.pituitaria
Pineal.pineal
Suprarrenal glands. Glándulas suprarrenales
Shock.shock
Lethargy.letargo
Pus.pus
White blood cells. Glóbulos blancos
Red blood cells.globulos rojos
Tissue.tejido
Tendon.tendon
Ligament.ligamento
Encephalitis. Encephalitis
Tsetse fly. Mosca tsé tsé.
Swollen. Hinchado
Dose. Dosis
Overdose.sobredosis
Malpractice. Malpraxis
Suicide. Suicidio
Meningitis. Meningitis
Fall.caída
Twins.gemelos
Placenta.placenta
Eclampsia.eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia. pre- eclampsia
Rh factor. Factor Rh
Blood group. Grupo sanguíneo
Transfusión. Transfusión
Donor.donante
Kidney transplant. Transplante de riñón
Clonation.clonación
Artificial insemination. Inseminación artificial
Sperm bank. Banco de esperma
Fetus.feto
Embryo. Embrión
Ovule. Óvulo
Fertilization. Fertilization
Conception.concepción
Ovulation. Ovulación
Temperature. Temperatura
Fever. Fiebre
In vitro. In test tube
Surrogate mother. Madre del alquiler
Wet nurse. Nodriza
Meconium.meconio
Umbilical cord. Cordón umbilical
AIDS. SIDA
Mastitis.mastitis
Contagion. Contagio
Heredity. Herencia
Genes.genes
Chromosomes. cromosomas
Hipnosis. Hipnosis
Electroshock. Electroshock
Artificial respiration. Respiración artificial
Drowning. Ahogamiento
Asphyxia. Asfixia
Suffocation. Asfixia
Strangle. Estrangular
Veins. Venas
Arteries.arterias
Capillaries.capilares
Circulation.circulación
Copulation. Copulación
Caesarian section. Cesárea
Birth.nacimiento
Perineum.perineo
Episiotomy. Episiotomía
Stitch. Puntadas
Scar. Cicatriz
Freckles.pecas
Deformity. Deformación
Abnormal.anormal
Vegetable. En estado vegetal
Execution.ejecución
Phenol injection.inyección letal
Electrocution. Electrocución
Gonads. Gónadas
Varicose veins. Várices
Cellullite. Celulitis
Adiposity. Adiposidades
Vertebrae. Vertebras
Gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis
Instestinal flora. Flora intestinal
Agony. Agonía
Convalescence. Convalecencia.
Sickness. Enfermedad, dolencia
Affliction. “””
Ailment. “”””
Disease. “””””””
Malady. “””””
Illness. “””
Ill.enfermo
Patient. Paciente
Experiment. Experimento
Guinea pigs. Conejillos de indias
Dizzy spell. Trance de mareos, soponcio
Cardiovascular. Cardiovascular
Hemophilia. Hemofilia
Malformation. Malformación
Amputation. Amputación
Prótesis. Prótesis
Epilepsy. epilepsia
Aura.aura
Teeth grinding. Rechinado de dientes
Tension. Tensión
War trauma. Trauma deguerra
Tooth extraction. Extracción de diente o muela
Teething. Salida de primeros dientes
Milk teeth.dientes de leche
Wisdom teeth.muelas del juicio
Fellatio.felación
Cunnilingus.cunilingo
Memory.memoria
Gang rape.violación múltiple
Anal fisting. Cópula anal con puño
Glove.guantes
Bacillus.bacilo
Virus. Virus
Microbe.microbio
Parasite. Parásitos
Tapeworm.solitaria
Amoeba.ameba

the real thing

CRR´S STRICTLY BRITISH TERMS NEVER USED IN U.S.A.
A
abseil
rappel (to descend on a rope)
anti-clockwise
counter-clockwise (counter-clockwise is sometimes used in Britain)
approved school
school for juvenile delinquents; reform school
arse
ass* (buttocks)
[to fall] arse over elbow
(alternatively arse over tit/tip) [to fall] head over heels (physically, not metaphorically)
aubergine
eggplant (can also refer to an eggplant-like colour in British English)
B
balls-up*
error, mistake, snafu (this is commonly misinterpreted as referring to the testicles, however, it is in fact an old horseman's term referring to when the hooves get packed with snow)
banger
sausage, old car
bap
soft bread roll or a sandwich made from it, in plural also used as slang for breasts.
beck
small watercourse; stream; creek. Used especially in the Lake District
bedsitter (or bedsit)
studio apartment, one-room apartment that serves as a bedroom and a living room
Belisha beacon
orange ball containing a flashing light mounted on a post at each end of a zebra crossing
to bimble
to wander aimlessly
Birmingham spanner (slang)
a hammer (Note: this is insulting to inhabitants of Birmingham)
black pudding
blood sausage
[to] blag
to obtain or achieve by deception, to bluff, to scrounge, to rob, robbery, tall story, bluff, deception
bloke
guy
boffin
scientist or engineer, geek, nerd
bog roll
(roll of) toilet paper
bog standard
plain vanilla, completely average, no distinguishing features
bollard
a pole in the road to stop traffic
bollocks* (originally ballocks)
balls* (testicles); verbal garbage (as in "you're talking bollocks")
brass monkeys ("cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey")
very cold weather
bristols* (Cockney rhyming slang)
boobs (breasts; from (soccer team) Bristol City = titty)
bubble and squeak
dish of cooked cabbage fried with cooked potatoes
[to] bugger off*
[to] go away
building society
savings and loan association
to bull (boots, esp. military)
to polish to a high shine
bum bag
fanny pack
bodge
a poor job that just about works
to bunk off
to truant
to burgle
to burglarize
the business (from "bees knees")
very good; top quality
to busk
to beg for money by entertaining the public (American English doesn't have an exact equivalent for the verb, but busker might be "street musician" or "street performer".)
butty
(North England colloqualism) sandwich : (Northern and Central England) a workmate, and thus an unpowered barge towed by a powered one
C
candy floss
cotton candy
car park
parking lot
cat's eye (road)
raised pavement marker
chancer
shark (opportunist)
chuffed
proud, satisfied, pleased
clanger (to drop a clanger)
a big mistake, blunder, or faux pas
cock-up, cockup (mildly vulgar)
error, mistake, snafu
cooker
stove, range
to cop off with
to successfully engage the company of someone, usually of the opposite sex, for a period of time.
counterpane
bedspread
courgette
zucchini
coving
crown molding
current account
checking account
D
dene
valley or seaside dune
the dog's bollocks*
the bee's knees (something excellent or top quality)
dosh
money
"double X"
(where X is a number or letter) "XX", as in a phone number.
draper
cloth or clothing and dry goods seller
draughts
checkers
drawing pin
thumb tack
duff
a type of steamed pudding e.g plum-duff; or adjective describing something that isn't working properly or a poor choice e.g. "Don't use that bike, one of the pedals is duff.". Used as a phrasal verb: "up the duff" means to be pregnant.
dustbin
trash can, wastebasket
E
engaged tone
busy signal
ex-directory
unlisted (phone number)
F
fairing
a gift, particularly one given or bought at a fair (obsolete); type of cookie (biscuit) made in Cornwall
fairy cake
cupcake
feck
expletive employed as an attenuated alternative to fuck (including fecker, fecking, etc.)
fell
mountain or high rocky outcrop (originally an upland area designated for sheep-grazing). Used especially in the Lake District
fettle
vb. to sort out, fix eg: "that's fettled it"
fixture (sports)
game or match (as on a schedule)
fizzy drink
soda or pop
flat
apartment
fortnight
a period of 14 days (and nights) or two weeks
fourpenn'orth (old-fashioned)
four cents worth (fourpenn'orth is literally "four pennies worth")
fuckwit
idiot
full stop
period
funfair
travelling fair primarily comprised of amusement rides
G
gaff
cheap music hall or theater (obsolete); home
gaol (older spelling but not yet archaic; jail is more common)
jail
gen
(short for "intelligence") information
ginger (pronounced with hard g's and rhyming with "ringer")
person with red hair
ginger group
a group that serves as an galvanizing force within a larger body
git (mildly derogatory)
scumbag, idiot
go (noun)
try (e.g. "let me have a go"), turn in a game (e.g. "whose go is it?")
to go pear-shaped
to go South; i.e, for a process to suddenly go wrong
[to] gob
mouth, [to] spit
gogglebox
television set
green fingers
green thumb
H
half
a half pint of beer, lager or cider
hash (#)
pound sign (#) (Note: confusion is possible, as "pound" or "pound sign" refers to the £ sign in Britain; the telephone button is usually the "hash key")
haunted fishtank
telly
helter-skelter
a helical slide found in fairgrounds
high street
main street
higgledy-piggledy
in disarray
hols
days taken off for vacation (from holiday)
holiday
vacation e.g.: "I'm off on holiday" (Am.Eng = I'm going on vacation)
[to] hoover
vacuum [cleaner], to vacuum (In the US, Hoover is a brand name only.)
hosepipe
garden hose
I
inverted commas
quotation marks (Although the punctuation is different, the concept of quotation is analogous, especially since British English speakers sometimes refer to things formally (or ironically) by using the phrase "in inverted commas" in conversation.)
invigilator
proctor
J
jam sandwich
police cruiser. So called as most UK police vehicles were once white with a horizontal yellow-edged red fluorescent stripe along the entire length of their sides, giving a certain resemblance to a white bread sandwich with a coloured jam filling.
jammy
lucky
K
[to] kip
[to] sleep
knackered
exhausted
L
launderette
laundromat
lav
lavatory, toilet
layabout
a worthless lazy person
let-out (n.)
means to evade or avoid something
lift
elevator
loo
toilet
lorry
truck
loudhailer
bullhorn
M
mackintosh (mac)
raincoat
mains power, the mains
house electrical AC current
[to] mangle
[to] twist up, destroy, clothes wringer
marrow (vegetable)
squash
(the) match (football)
(the) game (soccer)
maths
math
MD (managing director)
CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
merrythought
wishbone (also the commoner term in the UK)
minder
personal bodyguard (as of 2004 this has gained some usage in the US media)
minge*
female genitals or pubic hair
minger
slob, someone who is unattractive
motorway
freeway
mong
Lazy, idle, useless
N
naff
lame
[to] naff off (obscure slang Polari made popular by prison sitcom Porridge)
[to] shove it
[to] nark
[to] irritate, (police) informer
nesh
(Northern and Central England) delicate, sensitive, cowardly (usually derogative)
nonce
paedophile, child molester, idiot
O
off
vb. to go
off-licence
liquor store (a shop is licenced to sell alcoholic beverages for consumption off the premises)
(oilseed) rape
canola
on the piss*
drinking heavily; going out for the purpose of drinking heavily
to orientate
to orient (most often seen in its noun form, "orientation"; While an American in a new city would try to "orient" himself, a British English speaker would need to "orientate" himself.)
P
panda car
police cruiser (analogous to US term "black & white")
parkie
park-keeper
parky
cold
pelican crossing (PEdestrian LIght-CoNtrolled)
pedestrian crossing with traffic lights operated by pedestrians
petrol (petroleum)
gasoline
pictures
the cinema
pillock (very mildly derogatory)
foolish person
piss-up
drinking party or occasion (as in "he couldn't organise a piss-up in a brewery")
piss off*
emphatic term meaning "go away"
pissing it down [with rain]*
raining very hard
plonker
fool
[to] ponce
[to] pimp, fop, fruit, someone with airs and graces
to ponce about/around
to act like a fop, to wander about aimlessly without achieving anything
to ponce off
to mooch, to hit up
poof/poofter (derogatory)
fag/faggot (derogatory)
postal order
money order
postcode
ZIP code
[potato] crisps
[potato] chips
pram (perambulator)
baby-carriage
prat (very mildly derogatory)
foolish person
pud
short for pudding, which may mean dessert or occasionally a savoury item such as yorkshire pudding or black pudding Can also be used to indicate a fool, although this is usually an informal term used between family members. (Usually good-naturedly)
pukka
legitimate, the real thing, of good quality
punchup
fistfight
pushchair
stroller
Q
queue
line (for waiting in). Sometimes also used in US.
R
randy
(also horny) horny
ranker
an enlisted soldier or airman or (more rarely) a commissioned officer who has been promoted from enlisted status ("the ranks")
remit (to have a remit)
to be assigned a task, to be responsible for
to reverse [the] charge[s]
to call collect
to ring someone (also to call someone)
to call someone (on the phone)
rota
A roll call or roster of names or round or rotation of duties.
roundabout (fairground ride)
carousel, merry-go-round
roundabout (in the road)
traffic circle, rotary (roundabout is used in some parts of the US, including on signs.)
S
sarky
sarcastic
sarnie, sarny
sandwich
scrumpy
cloudy cider, often high in alcoholic content
scrumping
action of stealing apples from an orchard
Sellotape
Scotch tape
serviette
napkin
settee
couch, sofa
shillelagh (Irish)[pronounced "shil-lay-lee"]
club, cudgel
shindig, shindy
party (shindig is used in American English and would be recognised to mean party by most Americans but it is usually used ironically as of late)
skew-whiff
skewed, uneven, not straight
skint
out of money
skip
dumpster
to skive [off]
to sneak off, avoid work
to slag off
to diss, to badmouth
slaphead
bald man
slapper (possibly from flapper)
bitch, skank
to snog
to make out, to kiss
sod off*
offensive term meaning "go away"
spanner
wrench, idiot (colloquialism)
spiv
an unemployed person who lives by their wits; someone who shirks work or responsibility; a slacker, a dealer in black market goods (during World War II).
spod
someone who spends too much time in internet chat rooms and discussion forum
spud
potato
squiffy
intoxicated
[sticking] plaster, Elastoplast
bandage (adhesive only), Band-Aid
strop
bad mood or temper
stroppy, to have a strop on
recalcitrant, in a bad mood or temper
to suss [out]
to figure out
swede
rutabaga, head
sweets
candy (In American English sweets is often used for almost the same meaning, though it is a bit more inclusive than candy, as candy tends to be a sugar based confection whereas sweets can be chocolates or even pastries)
sweetshop
candy store

T
ta
thanks; TA also standing for thanks awfully (rare)
ta-ta
goodbye
table (sports)
standings
takeaway
a fast food shop
take out (food)
(food) to go
tannoy
loudspeaker (a proprietary brand name), PA system
tarn
small mountain lake. Used especially in the Lake District
telly, tele
TV
[to] throw a wobbly
[to] lose one's temper, throw a tantrum
tie (sports)
matchup, fixture, game (especially in knock-out "cup" competitions - no good analog)
titfer
(from tit-for-tat)
toad-in-the-hole
batter-baked sausages
to-do
a fuss "what a to-do"
toff
(slang) member of the upper classes
to toss [off]*
to jerk off*
tosser*
jerk
tram
streetcar, trolley-car, trolley
turf accountant
bookmaker for horse races
twat
(vulgar) n. a vagina; idiot or nasty person; vb. to hit "I twatted him on the head"
twee
excessively precious, cute, or quaint
twopenn'orth/tuppenn'orth/tup'en'oth
two cents worth (tuppenn'orth is literally "two pennies worth" (or "two pence worth", depending on usage))
U
V
verger
someone who carries the verge or other emblem of authority before a scholastic, legal, or religious dignitary in a procession; someone who takes care of the interior of a church and acts as an attendant during ceremonies
W
waistcoat
vest
wally
buffoon, fool -milder form of idiot. 1980s slang that may now bestow more ridicule on the user than the accused
wank, wanker*
to masturbate; one who masturbates, timewaster, now generic insult
whatsit (occasionally "whajummercallit", "wossname", or "thungumibob")
name used absent-mindedly for something whose real appellation you momentarily can't remember
whilst (somewhat archaic)
while
whinge
whine
whirligig
rotary clothes line

X

Y
yob
lout (boy spelt backwards)
your man/woman (Irish)
whatshis/hername

Z
zebra crossing
pedestrian street crossing marked with broad white stripes

Britishisms are expressions peculiar to British English. The word Britishism is an Americanism, of course.
"[It's] all gone Pete Tong"
all gone wrong
As much use as a
chocolate fireguard (or teapot, or mantlepiece)
teats (or tits) on a bull
wet fart in a thunderstorm
useless.
As rare as
Hens teeth
Rocking-horse shit Military term
Non existent, hard to come by, (note: RHS on it's own also means a lie (also used in the east end of London))
Away with the faeries
Not concentrating, distracted, daydreaming.
Barking (mad)
Insane, idiotic.
BBC English
the version of Received Pronunciation once considered typical of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Today regional dialects are frequently heard on the BBC.
Birmingham (or Irish) screwdriver, Birmingham spanner
A hammer
Bent as a nine-bob note
crooked, or
homosexual (insulting)
in both case refering to pre-decimal UK currency, a 10 bob (10/-) note being perfectly ordinary (see below for similar use).
"Devils on horseback", also known as pigs in blankets
sausages covered in bacon
Dog's breakfast, as in "It's a complete dog's breakfast"
A mess, chaotic.
Egg-cosy or -cozy
meal-time egg warmer, usually knitted.
[it's a] game of two halves
literally, a football match in which the two halves had very different characters; metaphorically, roughly equivalent to "It ain't over 'til it's over"
Gardening leave
enforced leave after an employee has resigned, preventing them either from working a notice period or starting with a new employer. Intended to protect commercial confidentiality, the subject is assumed to have little to do but tend the garden
Gilding the lily
Adding extraneous decoration, doing more work than necessary.
Go pear-shaped, as in "It all went pear-shaped."
go wrong
Gone for a Burton.
Dead/ beyond repair/ no longer viable.
Gone up the spout
gone wrong (usually when something carefully pre-planned has not gone as expected)
He couldn't find his arse with both hands.
Incapable.
He couldn't find his own way out of a paper bag.
He's unable to navigate, incapable, easily gets lost.
He couldn't organise a piss-up in a brewery.
He can't organise even the simplest thing.
He doesn't know his arse from his elbow
is clueless
He's got more front that Selfridges/ than Brighton
is completely brazen/ full of self-confidence (reference to Oxford St department store or a famous seaside resort)
He ploughs his own furrow.
He works on his own without reference to others.
He's tuppence short of a shilling.
He's a bit simple, not all there.
He's two sandwiches short of a picnic.
He's a bit simple, not all there.
Hit for six
to hit mightily, to trounce (to hit a cricket ball off the field without a bounce, scoring 6 runs)
Industrial action
strike or work-to-rule by employees
Lovely jubbly
great outcome, popularised by a catchphrase in a BBC TV programme Only Fools and Horses.
Made redundant
laid off, downsized
Not cricket
not fair
Not much cop
Of no consequence.
Not the sharpest knife in the box.
Not intellectually adept.
Nowt so queer as folk
people are unpredictable (uses the Northern English "nowt" meaning "nothing").
On the lash/ on the piss.
Out, drinking heavily with friends.
Over-egging the pudding
Making something more luxurious than it need be.
Pissing in the wind
Futile
Pissing up the wall
Wasting
Pukka
good, an expression from the days of the British Empire in India (pakka = ripe in Hindi).
Queer as a nine-bob note (archaic)
Very strange, not normal
Shanks' pony
On foot, walking.
Six of one, half a dozen of the other (or six and two threes)
A choice in which the outcome is likely to be of equal value either way
Swinging the lead
Appearing to work, without actually making any real effort.
Swings and roundabouts
gains in one area will equal losses in another (short for "what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts")
Two stops beyond Barking. (Becontree)
Extremely mad/insane/idiotic. Becontree station is two stops beyond Barking station on the District Line of the Underground going out of London. If you call somebody 'completely Becontree', you'd normally have to explain what you mean to others, but the allusion is usually appreciated, except by the victim.
Up the duff.
Pregnant

de donde esas referencias

CRR´sList of eponymous adjectives in English

An eponymous adjective is an adjective which has been derived from a the name of a person, real or fictional. Persons from whose name the adjectives have been derived are called eponyms.
Following is a list of eponymous adjectives in English.

Christian — Jesus Christ
Dickensian — Charles Dickens
Draconian — Draco
Elizabethan — Queen Elizabeth I
Faustian — The character Faust, written about by Goethe and others
Freudian — Sigmund Freud
Gandhian — Mahatma Gandhi
Gregorian — Pope Gregory I (as in Gregorian chant), Pope Gregory XIII (as in Gregorian calendar)
Jeffersonian — Thomas Jefferson
Jungian — Carl Jung
Kafkaesque — Franz Kafka
Machiavellian — Niccolò Machiavelli (often used to represent views or behavior inconsistent with that of its eponym).
Napoleonic — Napoléon Bonaparte
Orwellian — George Orwell
Rastafarian — Ras Tafari 0(Haile Selassie)
Rubensian_from Peter Paul Rubens
Smithsonian — James Smithson
Socratic — Socrates
Victorian — Queen Victoria
Zoroastrian — Zoroaster(Zarathustra)

ouch the active and passive



CRRs Active and Passive Voice
Active Voice
In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts.

In each example above, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.

In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed in the verb; the subject is acted upon. The agent performing the action may appear in a "by the . . ." phrase or may be omitted.
(agent performing action has been omitted.)

Sometimes the use of passive voice can create awkward sentences, as in the last example above. Also, overuse of passive voice throughout an essay can cause your prose to seem flat and uninteresting. In scientific writing, however, passive voice is more readily accepted since using it allows one to write without using personal pronouns or the names of particular researchers as the subjects of sentences (see the third example above). This practice helps to create the appearance of an objective, fact-based discourse because writers can present research and conclusions without attributing them to particular agents. Instead, the writing appears to convey information that is not limited or biased by individual perspectives or personal interests.
You can recognize passive-voice expressions because the verb phrase will always include a form of be, such as am, is, was, were, are, or been. The presence of a be-verb, however, does not necessarily mean that the sentence is in passive voice. Another way to recognize passive-voice sentences is that they may include a "by the..." phrase after the verb; the agent performing the action, if named, is the object of the preposition in this phrase.

Choosing Active Voice
In most nonscientific writing situations, active voice is preferable to passive for the majority of your sentences. Even in scientific writing, overuse of passive voice or use of passive voice in long and complicated sentences can cause readers to lose interest or to become confused. Sentences in active voice are generally--though not always-- clearer and more direct than those in passive voice.
passive (indirect)
active (direct):
Sentences in active voice are also more concise than those in passive voice because fewer words are required to express action in active voice than in passive.
passive (more wordy)
active (more concise)
Changing passive to active
If you want to change a passive-voice sentence to active voice, find the agent in a "by the..." phrase, or consider carefully who or what is performing the action expressed in the verb. Make that agent the subject of the sentence, and change the verb accordingly. Sometimes you will need to infer the agent from the surrounding sentences which provide context.
Passive Voice
Agent
Changed to Active Voice
most of the class
agent not specified; most likely agents such as "the researchers"
the CIA director and his close advisors
agent not specified; most likely agents such as "we"

Choosing Passive Voice
While active voice helps to create clear and direct sentences, sometimes writers find that using an indirect expression is rhetorically effective in a given situation, so they choose passive voice. Also, as mentioned above, writers in the sciences conventionally use passive voice more often than writers in other discourses. Passive voice makes sense when the agent performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or unknown or when a writer wishes to postpone mentioning the agent until the last part of the sentence or to avoid mentioning the agent at all. The passive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the action. All great chefs have written their recipes in passive, but there exists no rule that these should be written thus.
Active
Passive
The dispatcher is notifying police that three prisoners have escaped.
Police are being notified that three prisoners have escaped.
Surgeons successfully performed a new experimental liver-transplant operation yesterday.
A new experimental liver-transplant operation was performed successfully yesterday.
"Authorities make rules to be broken," he said defiantly.
"Rules are made to be broken," he said defiantly.
In each of these examples, the passive voice makes sense because the agent is relatively unimportant compared to the action itself and what is acted upon.
Changing active to passive
If you want to change an active-voice sentence to passive voice, consider carefully who or what is performing the action expressed in the verb, and then make that agent the object of a "by the..." phrase. Make what is acted upon the subject of the sentence, and change the verb to a form of be + past participle. Including an explicit "by the..." phrase is optional.
Active Voice
Agent
Changed to Passive Voice
The presiding officer
The leaders
The scientists
In each of these examples, the passive voice is useful for highlighting the action and what is acted upon instead of the agent.
Some suggestions
1. Avoid starting a sentence in active voice and then shifting to passive.
Unnecessary shift in voice
Revised
Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but it was still ordered frequently.
Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but they still ordered it frequently.
He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but he was still laughed at by the other students.
He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but the other students still laughed at him.
2. Avoid dangling modifiers caused by the use of passive voice. A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. Dangling modifier with passive voice
Revised
To save time, the paper was written on a computer. (Who was saving time? The paper?)
To save time, Kristin wrote the paper on a computer.
Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, consultants were hired to break the bad news. Who was seeking to lay off workers? The consultants?)
Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, the CEO hired consultants to break the bad news.
3. Don't trust the grammar-checking programs in word-processing software. Many grammar checkers flag all passive constructions, but you may want to keep some that are flagged. Trust your judgement, or ask another human being for their opinion about which sentence sounds best.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART
SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject. am/is/are + past participle was/were + past participle
Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them.
Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them.
Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprisedby the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form: am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle
Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.
Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.
Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form: have/has been + past participle had been + past participle
Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift. Jack has mailed the gifts.
Passive: Present Perfect The gift has been mailed by me. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.
Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. Penny Marshall had directed those movies.
Passive: Past Perfect The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.
Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.
Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

FUTURE TENSES Passive forms: will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle
Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift. Jack will mail the gifts.
Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me. The gifts will be mailed by Jack.
Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes.
Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)
Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Mai can foretell the future. Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)
Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can't be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not do the homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not do the homework.
Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be done by the lazy students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Students should memorize English verbs. Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.
Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T English verbs should be memorized by students. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)
Passive: OUGHT TO English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.
Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.
Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.
Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO English has to be practiced every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum. They are supposed to make dinner for the family. They aren't supposed to make dessert.
Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

PAST MODALS The past passive form follows this pattern: modal + have been + past participle
Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The students should have learned the verbs. The children shouldn't have broken the window.
Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The verbs should have been learned by the students. The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.

Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to have learned the verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)
Passive: OUGHT TO The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.

Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) I was supposed to type the composition. I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book. Janet was supposed to clean the living room. She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum. Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner. They weren't supposed to make dessert.
Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) The composition was supposed to be typed by me. The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied. The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner was supposed to be made by them. Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.

Active: MAY / MAY NOT That firm may have offered Katya a new job. The students may not have written the paper. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT That firm might have offered Katya a new job. The students might not have written the paper.
Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper may not have been written by the students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper might not have been written by the students



ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.

Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.

One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.

Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.
NOTE: Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object.
To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:
1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with the preposition by

3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main verb's form

Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning.
As the examples below illustrate, a sentence in active voice flows more smoothly and is easier to understand than the same sentence in passive voice.


It is generally preferable to use the ACTIVE voice.

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.
1. Move the passive sentence's subject into the active sentence's direct object slot

2. Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed

3. Placing the passive sentence's object of the preposition .by into the subject slot.

Because it is more direct, most writers prefer to use the active voice whenever possible.
The passive voice may be a better choice, however, when
the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence
Examples

the writer wishes to emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the doer of the action
Examples

the writer wishes to use passive voice for sentence variety.

Conversion of questions in active-passive voice.

1-Whenever a sentence is in question form in the active, it must be converted to the passive in question form also. You have no right to remove the question mark or alter the question format.

Did Isabel sew the dress?
Was the dress sewn by Isabel?

2-If the sentence is a question and compound or double sentence at the same time, you must first solve the first sentence and then the second, then reconnect the joiner. You may no mix the subjects, verbs or objects of the sentences.

Can you beat these eggs while Marina sifts the flour into the bowl?

Can these eggs be beaten by you while the flour is sifted by Marina into the bowl?

3-Whenever your question starts with a wh-word, when you make the conversion the wh- word must still be there in its place.

When will Johanna cover these tablets with golddust?

When will these tablets be covered with golddust by Johanna?

4-Every time a sentence contains a modal, the verb to be for the passive remains whole. Formula: modal + to be + past participle

Must Deyanira prepare dinner for us tomorrow?

Must dinner be prepared by Deyanira for us tomorrow?



QUESTION CONVERSION IN THE 12 TENSES

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

Simple present Does Lucia cook lunch? Is lunch cooked by Lucia?

Simple past Did Lucìa cook lunch? Was lunch cooked by Lucia?

Simple future Will Lucia cook lunch? Will lunch be cooked by
Lucia?
Simple future Is Lucia going to cook lunch? Is lunch going to be cooked
By Lucia?
Simple future Is Lucia cooking lunch tomorrow? Is lunch being cooked by
Lucia tomorrow?
Present continuous Is Lucia cooking lunch? Is lunch being cooked by Lucia?

Past continuous Was Lucia cooking lunch? Was lunch being cooked by Lucia?

Future continuous Will Lucia be cooking lunch? Will lunch be being cooked by
Lucia?
Present perfect Has Lucia cooked lunch? Has lunch been cooked by Lucia?

Past perfect Had Lucia cooked lunch? Had lunch been cooked by Lucia?

Future perfect Will Lucia have cooked lunch? Will lunch have been cooked by
Lucia?
RARE CASES

Tense active passive

Present perfect continuous Has Lucia been cooking lunch? Has lunch been being
Cooked by Lucia?

Past perfect continuous Had Lucia been cooking lunch? Had lunch been being
Cooked by Lucia?

Future perfect continuous Will Lucia have been cooking lunch? Will lunch have
Been being cooked
By Lucia?

when the question is a wh-question just add the wh-word at the beginning.

martes, 25 de diciembre de 2007

the who-which-whose pain

CRR RELATIVES DRILLSHEET2
Combine these sentences using who, whom, whose,which, that, where, when.

King Henri IV of France signed the Edict of Nantes.
The Edict of Nantes was signed in 1598.

Julia is my best friend.
I bought her mansarde in 1987 after she became a widow.

I love listening to music by Silvio Rodrìguez.
Silvio Rodrìguez is considered by many critics as a great modern troubadour.

4.My cat Khurrem understands English perfectly.
She is the mother of most of my cats.

May normally brings rain to Nicaragua.
It is very hot in May.

Kenia is a very bright girl.
Her sister Janice is very lazy.

The math class goes by so slowly.
During math class even flies hover sleepily.

Karelia is my uncle`s wife.
I gave the folders to Karelia last night.

Lots of vegetables are grown in Jinotega.
Jinotega is called the City of Mists.

Brian bought new furniture at the new shop.
At the new shop he also saw nice ornaments.

In 1982 I spent some time in Romania.
There I visited Vlad Tepes`castle and King Stefan Cel Mare`s tomb.

Two flies landed on the table.
On the table were several plates of pastry and a big cake.

Bernard was taking pictures in Jerusalem.
Bernard spent 2 weeks in Jerusalem.

Rolando was surprised that I had taken a nap.
The nap, nevertheless, was not very long.

14. Did you taste the delicious soup?
It was made by my niece.

15. Jason was born in October.In October there is the most precipitation of all year.

suffering online

VERBS OF SPEECH VERBS TEST.


Match the meaning to the verb.

______laugh in a scandalous fashion wail
_____ cry with utmost pain boom
______take your word back recant
______sing off key discuss
______talk about a subject extensively warble
______Tarzan does this yowl
______cats in heat produce this noise yodel
______when your breath is audible gasp
______when you talk about unrelated things digress
______narrate tell
______yarn talk endlessly
______call someone in as an order summon
______shout scream
______say loving things to court a person woo
______imitate someone making fun of him mimick
______speak nonsense extensively rigmarole
______excuse yourself apologize
______scold someone noisily harangue
______reprimand someone softly chide
______say something you shouldn`t have said blurt
______talk about someone when he isn`t there gossip
______say bad things about someone slander
______say nice things to someone compliment
_____say nice things forwarding someone or something extoll
______say things over again repeat


Now use any 6 of these in sentences.



la moneda del activo

CRR´S EXPLANATION OF PASSIVE VOICE.

What does the passive voice look like?
Compare these active sentences and passive voice sentences:
active: The boy ate the apple.passive: The apple was eaten by the boy.
active: Mary will drive the van.passive: The van will be driven by Mary.
Identifying S-V-DO
Only sentences which have a direct object can be made into passive voice sentences. Only verbs which take a direct object can be used in passive voice sentences. Let’s look at the sentences we saw above.
The boy ate the apple.subject=boy, verb=ate, direct object=apple
Mary will drive the van.subject=Mary, verb=will drive, direct object=van
You can probably identify the verb easily. The subject comes before (to the left of) the verb and the object comes after (to the right of) the verb.

How do you form the passive voice?
Now that you are able to identify what sentences can be made into the passive voice, you are ready to change sentences into the passive voice.
Changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice involves 3 steps:
move the direct object to the subject of the sentence
move the subject to the end of the sentence; add the preposition "by" before it
change the verb
In the following sentence:
The boy ate the apple.
subject=boy, verb=ate, and direct object=apple
When we change the sentence into the passive, it becomes:
The apple was eaten by the boy.
View a short movie of how a sentence changes from active to passive.
Changing the verb involves several steps:
check the verb tense; use the verb "be" in the same tense
change the verb into a past participle; put this verb after the form of "be"
check that the new verb goes with the new subject
Many English teachers tell students that they should not use the passive voice. Teachers do this because many students use the passive voice without a clear purpose for using it. When the passive voice is used correctly, it is a useful and necessary verb tense in English.
There are two main reasons for using the passive voice in English:
The focus of the sentence is on the object rather than the subjectThe subject of the active sentence is unknown or general.
Oftentimes, when a sentence is in passive voice, the "by" phrase is deleted. This is because the doer of the action is understood or unknown. The "by" phrase is only retained when the doer of the action needs to be made clear even though the focus is on the object of the action.

como hablamos



CRR VERBS OF SPEECH.
Verbs of speech are all those that are used in conversation. They all convey a tone or mode of the conversation. The ones marked with* are regular.
Speak
Talk*
Say
Tell
Call*
Hoot*
Boo*
Holler*
Scream*
Yell*
Shout*
Spell*
Blurt*
Chortle*
Gloat*
Giggle*
Laugh*
Boom*
Bicker*
Chide*
Scold*
Rigmarole*
Wheedle*
Cajole*
Beg*
Plead*
Pray*
Preach*
Lecture*
Express*
Wail*
Weep
Cry*
Explain*
Exclaim*
Howl*
Yowl*
Yodel*
Yawn*
Hiccup*
Sob*
Bleat*
Neigh*
Bark*
Growl*
Grumble*
Peeve*
Complain*
Grunt*
Moan*
Sigh*
Whisper*
Hiss*
Mumble*
Warble*
Sing
Intone*
Declaim*
Recite*
Claim*
Accuse*
Defend*
Drone*
Extoll*
Praise*
Compliment*
Harangue*
Slur*
Brown-nose*
Flatter*
Insult*
Offend*
Remind*
Recall*
Purr*
Recant*
Deny*
Refuse*
Detail*
State*
Declare*
Affirm*
Comment*
Remark*
Deliver*
Describe*
Narrate*
Retell*
Expose*
Present*
Denounce*
Demand*
Sue*
Order*
Ask*
Enquire*
Investigate*
Pry*
Deprecate*
Joke*
Jest*
Banter*
Interrogate*
Coo*
Woo*
Court*
Convince*
Persuade*
Denigrate*
Slander*
Mudsling
Retort*
Answer*
Reply*
Backbite*
Brag*
Boast*
Nag*
Yarn*
Gab*
Whine*
Mimick*
Imitate*
Attempt*
Summon*
Foretell
Predict*
Buzz*
Hum*
Drool*
Stammer*
Stutter*
Reinforce*
Repeat *
Discuss*
Argue*
Interrupt*
Continue*
Digress*
Contend*
Intend*
Interpret*
Broadcast*
Disclose*
Divulge*
Murmur*
Gossip*

sin tapujos!


CRR FAMILY AND WEDLOCK VOCABULARY
Wedding boda
Shotgun wedding boda forzada, a escopeta cargada
Unwed mother madre soltera
Bastard bastardo
Spurious espurio
Illegitimate ilegìtimo
Legitimised Legitimado
Legitimate legìtimo
Love child hijo del amor, hijo natural, habido tras la puerta
Virginity virginidad
Marriage certificate acta de matrimonio
Wedding band anillo de matrimonio
Common law marriage union de hecho
Concubine concubine
Mistress querida,sucursal,amante
Favorite favorita
Maitresse en titre querida oficial de un rey o noble
Family familia
Droit de seigneur derecho de pernada
Cuckolded husband marido carnudo
Horns cucos, cachos
Pimp proxeneta
Whore prostituta
Slut “
Prostitute “
Strumpet “
Midnight woman “
Trollop “
Hussy “
Pleasure hen “
Wench mucama alegrona
Hoyden jilinjoyo, vaguita
Streetwalker meretriz callejera
Hooker “
Petsywetsy mantenida
Sponge esponja, pelaviejos
Kept woman mantenida
Gigolo gigolo
Minion chico de placer
Stud semental, hombre que solo sirve para fornicar
Brood mare yegua de crìa, esposa que pare muchos hijos
Rake libertino
Philanderer mujeriego
Womanizer “
Libertine libertino
Playboy playboy
Rights derechos
Inheritance herencia
Appanage herencia de consolación
Heir heredero
Heiress heredera
Heritage patrimonio
Spouse esposo o esposa
Consort consorte
Fiancè prometido
Fianceè prometida
Betrothal compromiso para casarse
Engagement compromiso para casarse
Dowry dote
Stepchild hijastro
Adoptee adoptado

esencial de verbos

Los verbos
Definición. El verbo es la palabra que expresa una acciòn o estado del ser. Son los motores del idioma.
Los verbos en inglès pueden dividirse en muchas categorías, pero existe una categoría superprivilegiada que contiene solamente al verbo to be, que es a la vez ser y estar.
Entre otras divisiones, tenemos los verbos sujetos a categorías como transitivos(que transmiten una acciòn y por ende toman objeto),los intransitivos(que no transmiten acciòn y no tienen objeto), los estativos(que son los que denotan apariencia o estado del ser),los regulares(los cuales al ir al pasado sencillo y al pasado participio solo añaden d, ed a sus formas enteras),los irregulares(aquellos que al irse al pasado sencillo o al participio no añaden solo d o ed a sus formas sencillas, sino que sufren transformaciones de cualquier ìndole).
Regla del to:
En general, los verbos en inglès en su forma infinitivo van acompañados por el to. To be, to see(ver),to shout(gritar).
Esta partícula to equivale a la terminaciòn castellana en ar,er,ir, e indica que el verbo està entero, que no ha sido conjugado. El el sello de garantìa. Apenas se conjuga el verbo, pierde el to.
El verbo (to) be y sus privilegios El verbo (to) be se conjuga de esta forma: I am (yo soy, estoy) You are (tú eres, estás) He/ she/ it (Él, ella, ello es /está) We are (nosotros/as somos/estamos) You are (vosotros/as sóis/estáis) They are (ellos/as son /están).
a)El verbo to be en simple presente posee tres formas:am,is y are, mientras que toditos los otros solo tienen dos, siendo la variante en la 3era.persona del singular(she,he,it).
Otros verbos, como do solo tienen dos formas en el simple presente.
I do
You do
He/she/it does
We do
They do
b)en el simple pasado, el verbo to be tiene dos formas, todos los otros solo cuentan con una
I was did
You were did
He/She/It was did
We were did
They were did
c)el verbo to be es el ùnico que no utiliza verbo auxiliar para negar o preguntar. Todos los otros utilizan al mismo verbo to be, Hill, have o do para hacerlo en diversos tiempos.
Are you sad? Estàs triste?
May is not here. May no està aquì.
d)estos privilegios le garantizan a to be ser un excelente verbo auxiliar.
Los tres tiempos continuos y dos de los futuros sencillos(formas 2 y 3) DEPENDEN DE ÈL PARA EXISTIR. Y LA FORMA DEL ACTIVO/PASIVO NO PODRÌA EXISTIR SIN EL VERBO TO BE.
I am listening. Yo estoy escuchando(presente continuo)
They were coming.Ellos estaban viniendo.(pasado continuo)
Sara Hill be cooking lasagna. Sara estarà cocinando lasagna.(futuro continuo).
The dog‘s tail was combed by me.La cola del perro fue peinada por mì.Forma pasiva
OTROS VERBOS AUXILIARES.
Además del verbo (to) be, existen otros verbos también esenciales a la hora de aprender bien el inglés: el verbo (to) have (=tener) y el verbo (to) do (=hacer), que, como veremos más tarde, también se utiliza como verbo auxiliar para las formas negativa e interrogativa de algunos tiempos verbales.
LA FORMACION DEL SIMPLE PRESENTE DE LOS VERBOS DE ACUERDO A SU TERMINACION.
Independientemente que el verbo que vayamos a conjugar sea transitivo o intransitivo, regular o irregular, la formación del simple presente se rige por la terminaciòn del verbo, o sea, en què letras acaba. Recordando que todos los verbos excepto to be tienen solo dos formas en el simple presente, notaremos que el cambio se da en la tercera persona del singular mientras las otras se quedan con la versión sencilla sin el to del verbo conjugado.
a)cuando el verbo acaba en consonante, a la tercera persona solo se añade s.
TALK(hablar)
I /you/We/THEY….talk He/she/it…..talks
SING(Cantar)
I/you/We/they….sing He/she/it….sings
b)cuando ek verbo acaba en Y precedida por una consonante, se le cambia la y por I latina y luego se le pega es.
Study(estudiar)
I/you/we/they…study He/she/it….studies
Marry(casar)
I/you/we/they….marry He/she/it….marries
c)cuando el verbo acaba en y pero es precedida por una vocal, solo añadir s sin cambiar nada
play(jugar o tocar instrumento)
I/you/we/they…play He/She/it…..plays
Prey(acechar)
I/you/we/they….prey He/she/it….preys
d)verbos que acaban en x, ch,sh,z se les añade es a la tercera persona
fix(reparar)
I/you/we/they …fix He/she/it…fixes
e)verbos que acaban en o añaden es a la tercera persona
do(hacer)
I/you/We/They….do He/She/it….does
f)verbos que acaban en e se le agrega una s nomàs a la tercera persona
make(hacer)
I/You/we/they……make He(She/it….makes

TIEMPOS CONTINUOS
1. Los tiempos continuos siempre llevan el presente participio del verbo que están conjugando
2. Los tiempos continuos pueden también ser llamados progresivos
3. El verbo auxiliar que impera en los tiempos continuos es el verbo auxiliar TO-BE
4. Para las preguntas y las negativas el verbo TO BE sustituye al verbo TO-DO como palanca auxiliar que se usa en el simple pasado y simple presente, y también sustituye al GOING-TO y el WILL
5. El uso de los continuos es para indicar una acción recurrente o que no fue de un solo golpe en el pasado, presente o futuro. Ej. I was eating when you call.
6. Los continuos son equivalentes al: ANDO – ENDO

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS
1. Cada vez que un tiempo lleve el nombre del perfecto significa que lleva el pasado participio de un verbo conjugado (ADO,EDO, IDO)
2. El tiempo perfecto utiliza como verbo auxiliar al verbo TO HAVE, y en el caso del futuro perfecto se le añade el auxiliar WILL o sea WILL HAVE.
3. El verbo auxiliar HAVE registrara cambio en la tercera persona singular solamente del presente perfecto porque solamente en los tiempos presentes es que hay este cambio.

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS CONTINUOS
1. Cada ves que el nombre del tiempo lleve los denominativos perfecto y continuo, se sabe que lleva el pasado participio del verbo TO BE y el presente participio del verbo que esta siendo conjugado
2. El verbo auxiliar usado en estos tiempos bi-compuestos sigue siendo el TO HAVE, como en los tiempos perfectos.
3. Los tiempos perfectos continuos indican la continuidad o repetición de la acción a la cual se alude (acciones de procesos o repeticiones)

NOMBRES DE LOS TIEMPOS
· Tiempos Simples:
o Simple Present
o Simple Past
o Simple Future
• Simple Future: usando el WILL, que se usa para planes pero no certezas
• Simple Future: usando GOING TO mas el simple presente del verbo TO BE mas la simple forma del verbo siendo conjugado, esta versión es para certeza.
• Simple Future: un presente continuo mas una indispensable palabra que indique futuro (ej: Pamela is studying English next Tuesday), este es usado para certeza.
· Tiempos Continuos:
o Present Progressive or Present Continuous
o Past Progressive or Pass Continuous
o Future Progressive or Future Continuous
· Tiempos Prefectos
o Present Perfect
o Past Perfect
o Future Perfect
· Tiempos Perfectos continuos
o Present Perfecto Continuous
o Past Perfecto Continuous
o Future Perfect Continuous

QUE AUXILIARES SE USAN CON QUIEN?
Todo verbo excepto el TO BE usan auxiliares para negar y preguntar en todos los tiempos(12), estos se llaman auxiliares o verbos palancas para preguntar y negar, desgraciadamente ellos varían conforme el tiempo es que están.
Tiempos Simples o Sencillos:
En el Simple Presente se usa el verbo DO y DOES
En el Pasado Sencillo: se usa el verbo DO en su forma simple pasada DID
En el Simple Futuro: se usan WILL para preguntar y negar
En el Simple Futuro: GOIN TO va a ser usado para preguntar y negar
En el Simple Futuro: el verbo TO BE en el simple presente mas el presente participio del verbo conjugado son usados para preguntar y negar sin olvidar incluir la palabra futurizadora para no perder la secuencia. Ej. Pamela is cooking breakfast next Friday, Is Pamela coking breakfast next Friday?
Tiempos Continuios:
Presente Continuo: se utilice el simple presente del verbo TOBE como auxiliar para preguntar o negar
Pasado Continuo: se utilice el Simple Pasado como auxiliar
Futuro Continuo: se usa nuevamente el WILL como verbo auxiliar

Tiempos Perfectos:
Presente Perfecto: el auxiliar usado es el Simple Presente del verbo TO HAVE, HAS
Pasado Perfecto: el verbo auxiliar es el Simple Pasado del verbo TO HAD
Futuro Perfecto: el auxiliar va a ser WILL mas la forma sencilla sin conjugar del verbo auxiliar
Tiempos Perfectos Continuos:
Presente Perfecto Continuo: se usa el presente simple del verbo TO HAVE, HAS mas el pasado participio del verbo TO BE
Pasado Perfecto Continuo: se auxiliar el simple pasado del verbo TO HAD para todos los pronombres y todas las personas
Futuro Perfecto Continuo: en este tiempo se usa el WILL

NOTA: Cada vez que la pregunta lleva palabra WH, la palabra WH es la primera en la oración, aun antes del auxiliar.
FORMULAS DE LOS DOCE TIEMPOS
Example: Lorenzo studies English.
LOS TIEMPOS SIMPLES O SENCILLOS
Simple Presente
Lorenzo studies English Affirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple Present Conjugated verb + Object

Lorenzo does not study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + TO Do + not + Simple Present verb + Object

Does Lorenzo study English? Yes/No
Auxi. Verb ToDo in Simple Present+ Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb + Object +? Question

Where does Lorenzo study English? WH- Question
Wh-word + Simple Present Aux. Verb To Do+ Noun or Pronoun+ Simple Form of Conjugated Verb. + Object?

Simple Pasado
Lorenzo studied English , Affirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple Past Conjugated verb + Object

Lorenzo did not study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + TO Do in Simple past + not + Simple form of conjugated verb + Object

Did Lorenzo study English? Yes/No
Aux. Verb To Do in Simple Past+ Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb + Object +? Question

Where did Lorenzo study English ? WH- Question
Wh-word + Simple Past Aux. Verb to Do+ Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb. +Object?

Simple Futuro
Simple Future (1) para intenciones WILL= RA/RE(en español)

Lorenzo will study English Afirmative
Noun or Pronoun + will+ Simple form of Conjugated verb+ Object

Lorenzo will not study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + will +not+ Simple form of Conjugated verb+ Object

Will Lorenzo study English? Yes/No
Auxi. + Noun or Pronoun + Simple Form of Conjugated Verb + Object +? Question

Where will Lorenzo study English? WH- Question
Wh-word + will+ Noun or Pronoun+ Simple Form of Conjugated Verb. + Object?


Simple Future (2) para certezas con el GOING TO( va a)
Lorenzo is going to study English Afirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple present of verb to be+ going to+ Simple form of Conjug. verb+ Object

Lorenzo is not going to study English Negative
Noun or Pronoun + Simple present of verb to be+ not+ going to+ Simple form of Conjug. verb+ Object

Is Lorenzo going to study English?/ Yes/No question
Simple Present of verb. To be. + Noun or Pronoun + going to+ Simple Form of Conjug. Verb + Object +?

Where is Lorenzo going to study English? wh- Question
Wh-word + Simple Present of verb. To be + Noun or Pronoun+ going to+ Simple form of Conjug Verb. + Object?






Simple Future (3) para certezas con el presente continuo mas palabra futurizadora, sin la palabra futurizadora estos no son futuro
Lorenzo is studying English next week Afirmative
Noun or Pronoun + Simp. Pres. of verb to be+ Present Part. of Conjugated verb+ Object+ palabra de futuro

Lorenzo is not studying English next week Negative
Noun or Pronoun + Simp. Pres. of verb to be+ no + Pres. Part. form of Conjugated verb+ Object+ palabra de futuro

Is Lorenzo studying English next week? Yes/No Question
Simple Pres. of verb. To be. + Noun or Pronoun + Pres. Part. of Conjugated Verb + Object +?Future word

Where is Lorenzo studying English next week? Wh question
Wh-word + Simple Pres. of verb. To be+ Noun or Pronoun+ pres. part. form of Conjugated Verb. + Object?

FUTURE WORDS:
Tomorrow
After tomorrow
Day after tomorrow

Se pueden acoplar con:
Week
Upcoming
Next
Forthcoming: el que sigue, el siguiente
Fortnight: quincena

LOS TIEMPOS CONTINUOS
Presente continuo
Lorenzo is studying English. Affirmative
Noun/pron + simple present verb to be + present part.conjugated verb object

Lorenzo is not ( isn´t) studying English negative
Noun/pron simple present verb to be + not + pres.part.of conjugated verb object

Is Lorenzo studying English ? yes/no question
Simple pres.verb to be + noun/pron. + pres.part.conjugated verb + object

Where is Lorenzo studying English ? wh-question
Wh word + simple present verb to be + noun/pron + present part.conug.verb+ object


Pasado continuo
Lorenzo was studying English. Affirmative
Noun/pron + simple past verb to be + present part. conjugated verb object

Lorenzo was not ( wasn´t) studying English negative
Noun/pron simple past verb to be + not + pres. part.of conjugated verb object

Was Lorenzo studying English ? yes/no question
Simple past verb to be + noun/pron. + pres .part. conjugated verb + object

Where was Lorenzo studying English ? wh-question
Wh word + simple past verb to be + noun/pron + present part. conjug. verb+ object

Futuro continuo
Lorenzo will be studying English. Affirmative
Noun/pron + simple future verb to be + present part. conjugated verb object

Lorenzo will not be ( won´t be) studying English negative
Noun/pron simple future verb to be + not + pres. part. of conjugated verb object

Will Lorenzo be studying English ? yes/no question
Auxiliary will + noun/pron. + be + pres .part. conjugated verb + object

Where will Lorenzo be studying English ? wh-question
Wh word + auxiliary will + noun/pron + be + present part. conjug. verb+ object

El futuro continuo solamente se conforma con el formato will be, nunca con el going to como en la versión 2 del futuro sencillo o simple.
LOS TIEMPOS PERFECTOS
Presente perfecto
Lorenzo has studied English. affirmative
Noun/pron. + simple present of aux. verb to have + past participle of conj. verb + object

Lorenzo has not (hasn´t) studied English negative
Noun/pron + simple present verb to have + not + past participle of. conjug. verb + object

Has Lorenzo studied English? Yes/no question
Aux. verb to have in simple pres.+ noun/pron. + past participle of conjug. Verb + object

Why has Lorenzo studied English? Wh-question
Wh word + aux. verb to have in simple pres. + noun/pron + past participle of conjug. verb + object

Pasado perfecto
Lorenzo had studied English. affirmative
Noun/pron. + simple past of aux. verb to have + past participle of conj. verb + object

Lorenzo had not (hadn´t) studied English negative
Noun/pron + simple past verb to have + not + past participle of. conjug. verb + object

Had Lorenzo studied English? Yes/no question
Aux. verb to have in simple past .+ noun/pron. + past participle of conjug. Verb + object

Why had Lorenzo studied English? Wh-question
Wh word + aux. verb to have in simple past. + noun/pron + past participle of conjug. verb + object

Futuro perfecto
Lorenzo will have studied English. affirmative
Noun/pron. + simple future of aux. verb to have + past participle of conj. verb + object

Lorenzo will not have (won´t have) studied English negative
Noun/pron + simple future verb to have + not + past participle of. conjug. verb + object

Will Lorenzo have studied English? Yes/no question
Aux. verb will .+ noun/pron. + have +past participle of conjug. verb + object

Why will Lorenzo have studied English? Wh-question
Wh word + aux. verb will. + noun/pron + have +past participle of conjug. verb + object

LOS TIEMPOS BI COMPUESTOS O PERFECTOS CONTINUOS
Presente perfecto continuo
Lorenzo has been studying English. affirmative
Noun/pron + simple present verb to have+ past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb+ object

Lorenzo has not( hasn´t) been studying English. Negative
Noun/pro + simple present verb to have +not + past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Has Lorenzo been studying English? Yes/no question
Aux.verb to have in simple pres.+ noun/prom+ past.part verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Why has Lorenzo been studying English? Wh-question
Wh-word + aux.verb to have in simple prest.+ noun/pron + past part. verb to be+ pres. part. conjug. verb+ object

Pasado perfecto continuo
Lorenzo had been studying English. affirmative
Noun/pron + simple past verb to have+ past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb+ object

Lorenzo had not( hadn´t) been studying English. Negative
Noun/pro + simple past verb to have +not + past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Had Lorenzo been studying English? Yes/no question
Aux.verb to have in simple past.+ noun/prom+ past.part verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Why had Lorenzo been studying English? Wh-question
Wh-word + aux. verb to have in simple past+ noun/pron + past part. verb to be+ pres. part. conjug. verb+ object

Futuro perfecto continuo
Lorenzo will have been studying English. affirmative
Noun/pron + simple future verb to have+ past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb+ object

Lorenzo will not have( won´t have) been studying English. negative
Noun/pro + simple future verb have +not + past participle verb to be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Will Lorenzo have been studying English? Yes/no question
Aux. Verb will.+ noun/prom+ have + past part. of be + present part. conjug. Verb + object

Why will Lorenzo have been studying English? Wh-question
Wh-word + aux. Verb will+ noun/pron + have + past part. verb to be+ pres. part. conjug. verb+ object


LAS VARIANTES EN LOS AUXILIARES USADOS EN CADA TIEMPO PARA PREGUNTAR O NEGAR SON LA JAQUECA DE TODO ESTUDIANTE. PARA EVITARLA, SIGAMOS ESTAS REGLAS Y JAMAS NOS QUIVOCAREMOS.
Para los tiempos sencillos las variantes del Auxiliar son:
1. En el tiempo Presente Sencillo y pasado Sencillo el verbo auxiliar a usarse en To Do.
2. En el Tiempo Futuro Sencillo Versión 2, el auxiliar es Will
3. En el Tiempo Futuro Sencillo Versión 2 y 3, el verbo auxiliar es el verbo To Be

Para los tiempos continuos las variantes del auxiliar son:
1. Para el presente continuo es el verbo to be en sencillo presente.
2. para el pasado continuo es el verbo to be en sencillo pasado.
3. para el futuro continuo es el auxiliar will to be.
4. En los tiempos compuestos o perfectos las variantes de auxiliar son:

Para los tiempos perfectos las variantes en el auxiliar son:
1. Para el presente perfecto el auxiliar es to have conjugado en simple presente.
2. Para el pasado perfecto el auxiliar es el verbo to have conjugado en simple pasado.
3. Para el futuro perfecto el to have va respaldado por el will(will have, simple futuro de to have).

En los tiempos bi-compuestos o perfectos continuos las variantes para los auxiliares son:
1. En el tiempo presente perfecto continuo el verbo auxiliar es to have conjugado en simple presente.
2. En el tiempo pasado perfecto continuo el auxiliar es to have conjugado en simple pasado.
3. En el tiempo futuro perfecto continuo
el auxiliar es will .