Tras haber creado mi anterior blog cecilmundo varias personas, muchos de ellos mis alumnos, me sugirieron que creara una secciòn dentro de cecilmundo para publicar mis obras de docencia de idiomas. Dado que la cantidad de documentos de explicaciones, ejercicios y exàmenes de inglès son muy numerosos porque tengo màs de 30 años del ejercicio de la docencia, preferì estrenar blog con mis alumnos a como ellos realmente merecen. En este blog planetcecil no solo iràn mis documentos didàcticos de inglès, sino tambièn la producciòn literaria de varios alumnos que se destacan en las letras. Tambièn darè oportunidad a aquellos que tienen excelentes obras pero que no han logrado publicarlas ya que en mi paìs Nicaragua todo se mueve por la marrana polìtica, y si una no pertenece a determinado partido no verà jamàs publicado su opus. Tambièn tenemos la desgracia de contar con seudoeditores quienes al no conocer verdaderamente de literatura se convierten en mercenarios de la imprenta solo para llenarse ellos mismo de dinero y fama a costillas de los escritores. Todos aquellos que deseen participar en este blog, denlo de antemano por suyo. Aunque lleve mi nombre en un arranque de egolatrìa, yo soy sencillamente vuestra servidora.Cecilia

Las alas de la educación

Las alas de la educación
La educación es un viaje sin final.

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La lección de física
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martes, 25 de diciembre de 2007

how do I count in English?

CRR´s number info explanation
Cardinal numbers
0
Zero




1
One
11
eleven
10
ten
2
two
12
twelve
20
Twenty
3
Three
13
thirteen
30
thirty
4
four
14
fourteen
40
Forty (no "u")
5
Five
15
fifteen
50
fifty (note "f", not "v")
6
six
16
sixteen
60
Sixty
7
Seven
17
seventeen
70
seventy
8
eight
18
eighteen (only one "t")
80
Eighty (only one "t")
9
Nine
19
nineteen
90
ninety
If a number is in the range 21 to 99, and the second digit is not zero, one should write the number as two words separated by a hyphen.
21
twenty-one
25
twenty-five
32
thirty-two
58
fifty-eight
64
sixty-four
79
seventy-nine
83
eighty-three
99
ninety-nine
In English, the hundreds are perfectly regular, except that the word hundred remains in its singular form regardless of the number preceding it (obviously, one may on the other hand say "hundreds of people flew in", or the like)
100
one hundred
200
two hundred


900
nine hundred
So are the thousands, with the number of thousands followed by the word "thousand"
1,000
one thousand
2,000
two thousand


10,000
ten thousand
11,000
eleven thousand


20,000
twenty thousand
21,000
twenty-one thousand
30,000
thirty thousand
85,000
eighty-five thousand
100,000
one hundred thousand
999,000
nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand (British English)nine hundred ninety-nine thousand (American English)
1,000,000
one million
In informal English, exact numbers larger than one million are seldom named, except perhaps for dramatic effect.
There is more than one way of forming intermediate numbers. One way is for when you are counting something. Another way is for when you are using numbers as labels. The second column method is used much more often in American English than British English. The third column is used in British English, but rarely in American English (although the use of the second and third columns is not necessarily directly interchangeable between the two regional variants). In other words, the British dialect can seemingly adopt the American way of counting, but it is specific to the situation (in this example, bus numbers).

Common British vernacular
Common American vernacular
Common British vernacular

"How many marbles do you have?"
"What is your house number?"
"Which bus goes to the high street?"
101
"A hundred and one."
"One-oh-one."Here, "oh" is used for the digit zero.
"One-oh-one."
109
"A hundred and nine."
"One-oh-nine."
"One-oh-nine."
110
"A hundred and ten."
"One-ten."
"One-one-oh."
117
"A hundred and seventeen."
"One-seventeen."
"One-one-seven."
120
"A hundred and twenty."
"One-twenty."
"One-two-oh."
152
"A hundred and fifty-two."
"One-fifty-two."
"One-five-two."
208
"Two hundred and eight."
"Two-oh-eight."
"Two-oh-eight."
334
"Three hundred and thirty-four."
"Three-thirty-four."
"Three-three-four."
Note: When writing a cheque (or check), the number 100 is always written "one hundred". It is never "a hundred".
Note that in American English it is non-standard to use the word and before tens and ones. It is instead used as a verbal delimiter when dealing with compound numbers. Thus, instead of "three hundred and seventy-three", Americans usually say (and write) "three hundred seventy-three".
For numbers above a million, there are two different systems for naming numbers in English:
the long scale (decreasingly used in British English) designates a system of numeric names in which a thousand million is called a milliard (but the latter usage is now rare), and billion is used for a million million.
the short scale (always used in American English and increasingly in British English) designates a system of numeric names in which a thousand million is called a billion, and the word milliard is not used
Number notation
Powernotation
Short scale
Long scale
1,000,000
106
one million
one million
1,000,000,000
109
one billiona thousand million
one milliarda thousand million
1,000,000,000,000
1012
one trilliona thousand billion
one billiona million million
1,000,000,000,000,000
1015
one quadrilliona thousand trillion
one billiarda thousand billion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
1018
one quintilliona thousand quadrillion
one trilliona million billion
Although British English has traditionally followed the long-scale numbering system, the short-scale usage has become increasingly common in recent years. For example, the UK Government and BBC websites use the newer short-scale values exclusively.
Here are some approximate composite large numbers in American English:
Quantity
Written
Pronounced
1,200,000
1.2 million
one point two million
3,000,000
3 million
three million
250,000,000
250 million
two hundred fifty million
6,400,000,000
6.4 billion
six point four billion
Often, large numbers are written with (preferably non-breaking) half-spaces or thin spaces separating the thousands (and, sometimes, with normal spaces or apostrophes) instead of commas—to ensure that confusion is not caused in countries where a decimal comma is used. Thus, a million is often written 1 000 000.
In some areas, a point (. or ·) may also be used as a
thousands' separator, but then, the decimal separator must be a comma.
Specialised numbers
A few numbers have special names (in addition to their regular names):
0: has several other names, depending on context:
naught / nought: mostly British usage
oh: used when spelling numbers (like telephone, bank account, bus line)
nil: in general sport scores (chiefly British, although American use in sports scores is common)
love: in tennis; origin disputed
zilch, nada, null, zip: used when stressing nothingness; this is true especially in combination with one another: "You know nothing—zero, zip, nada, zilch!"
nix: also used as a verb
12: a dozen (first power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce
13: a baker's dozen
20: a score (first power of the vigesimal base), nowadays archaic; famously used in the opening of the Gettysburg Address: "Four score and seven years ago..."
120: a great hundred(twelve tens; as opposed to the small hundred, i.e. 100 or ten tens), also called
small gross (ten dozens), both archaic; also sometimes referred to as duodecimal hundred
144: a gross (a dozen dozens, second power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce
1728: a great gross (a dozen gross, third power of the duodecimal base), used mostly in commerce
10,000: a myriad(a hundred hundred), commonly used in the sense of an indefinite very high number
100,000: a lakh (a hundred thousand), loanword used mainly in Indian English
10,000,000: a crore (a hundred lakh), loanword used mainly in Indian English
10100: googol(1 followed by 100 zeros), used in mathematics; not to be confused with the name of the search engine Google (which is actually a pun on googol)
10googol: googolplex (1 followed by a googol of zeros)
10googolplex: googolduplex (1 followed by a googolplex of zeros)
Combinations of numbers in most sports scores are read as in the following examples:
1–0 British English: one nil; American English: one-nothing, or one-zero
0–0 British English: nil-nil, or nil all; American English: zero-zero, or nothing-nothing
2–2 two-two (or two to two, or two all)
Ordinal numbers
Here are some ordinal numbers.
0th
zeroth (see below)




1st
first
11th
eleventh
10th
tenth
2nd
second
12th
twelfth (note "f", not "v")
20th
twentieth
3rd
third
13th
thirteenth
30th
thirtieth
4th
fourth
14th
fourteenth
40th
fortieth
5th
fifth
15th
fifteenth
50th
fiftieth
6th
sixth
16th
sixteenth
60th
sixtieth
7th
seventh
17th
seventeenth
70th
seventieth
8th
eighth (only one "t")
18th
eighteenth
80th
eightieth
9th
ninth (no "e")
19th
nineteenth
90th
ninetieth
Zeroth only has a meaning when counts start with zero, which happens in a mathematical or computer science context.
Ordinal numbers such as 21st, 33rd, etc, are formed by combining a cardinal ten with an ordinal unit.
21st
twenty-first
25th
twenty-fifth
32nd
thirty-second
58th
fifty-eighth
64th
sixty-fourth
79th
seventy-ninth
83rd
eighty-third
99th
ninety-ninth
Higher ordinals are not usually written in words. They are written using digits and letters as described below. Here are some rules that should be borne in mind.
The suffixes -th, -st, -nd and -rd are usually written raised above the number itself (as superscript)
If the tens digit of a number is 1, then write "th" after the number. For example: 13th, 19th, 112th, 9311th.
If the tens digit is not equal to 1, then use the following table:
If the unit's digit is:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
write this after the number
th
st
nd
rd
th
th
th
th
th
th
For example: 2nd, 7th, 20th, 23rd, 52nd, 135th, 301st.
These ordinal abbreviations are actually hybrid contractions of a numeral and a word. 1st is "1" + "st" from "first". Similarly, we use "nd" for "second" and "rd" for "third". In some older publications, the ordinal abbreviation for "second" and "third" is simply, "d"
For example: 42d, 33d, 23d
Any ordinal name that doesn't end in "first", "second", or "third", ends in "th".
Dates
Years before 2000 are read as follows:
1066
ten sixty-six
1492
fourteen ninety-two
1500
fifteen hundred
1502
fifteen oh two (note the "oh" for zero)or fifteen hundred and two
1776
seventeen seventy-six
1990
nineteen ninety
The year 2000 is read "two thousand".
Years after 2000 have no set system as of yet for expressing them; however, the second form of zeroth-decade year pronunciation is more common (that is, 2003 to be said as "two thousand (and) three"), and post-2010 dates are often said as normal (2010 would be "twenty ten").
Note that years are exceedingly rarely read as ordinal numbers, as "[...] in the one thousand one hundred and ninety-seventh year of our Lord" (that is, 1197), and this is considered archaic.
In British, European and International (covering most of the world) English, the day usually comes before the month and the ordinal suffix is always vocalised and often appended: "the 1st of October 1984". However, other usages are not exceptional; "October the First is too Late" is the name of a novel by the English astronomer Fred Hoyle. In writing, the and especially of, while vocalised, are generally left out from the written date, particularly when the date stands alone, such as when writing cheques: 1st October 1984. The full form was common in older English, as can be seen in old English literature. The three main written forms are therefore:
The 25th of January 2005 (old English extended form rarely used now in written form, but still fully used for all three forms in spoken English)
25th January 2005 (omitting "the" and "of")
25 January 2005 (omitting the ordinal suffix)
In North American English, the day usually comes after the month and the ordinal suffix is rarely written, but optionally vocalized: "September 4, 1990" (read "September four(th), nineteen ninety"). The British form is still used for certain dates such as the Fourth of July.
Compare:
Today is (the) 14th (of) March 2004. (British and international form, read "Today is the fourteenth of March, two thousand and four").
We signed the documents on June 10, 1969. (North American form, read "...on June ten(th), nineteen sixty-nine").
The comma before the year is optional. It is usually used in American English (September 4, 2004) but seldom used in British and International English (4 September 2004). In abbreviations of month names, such as "Aug" for August, the period or full stop is often left out.
For an explanation of British, American and International usage for dates written in numbers, such as 14/03/2004 or 3/14/2004 or 2004-03-14.
Fractions and decimals
Here are some common fractions:
1/16
one-sixteenth
1/10 or 0.1
one-tenth
1/8
one-eighth
2/10 or 0.2
two-tenths
1/4
one-quarter or one-fourth
3/10 or 0.3
three-tenths
1/3
one-third
3/8
three-eighths
4/10 or 0.4
four-tenths
1/2
one half
6/10 or 0.6
six-tenths
5/8
five-eighths
2/3
two-thirds
7/10 or 0.7
seven-tenths
3/4
three-quarters or three-fourths
8/10 or 0.8
eight-tenths
7/8
seven-eighths
9/10 or 0.9
nine-tenths
15/16
fifteen-sixteenths
Alternatively, and for greater numbers, one may say for 1/2 "one over two", for 5/8 "five over eight", and so on.
Numbers with a decimal point may be read as a cardinal number, then "and", then another cardinal number followed by an indication of the significance of the second cardinal number, or as a cardinal number, followed by "point", and then by the digits of the fractional part. The indication of significance takes the form of the denominator of the fraction indicating division by the smallest power of ten larger than the second cardinal. This is modified when the first cardinal is zero, in which case neither the zero nor the "and" is pronounced.
For example:
0.002 is "two thousandths" or "point zero zero two"
3.1416 is "three and one thousand four hundred sixteen ten-thousandths" or "three point one four one six"
99.3 is "ninety-nine and three tenths" or "ninetynine point three".
In English the decimal point was originally printed in the center of the line (0·002), but with the advent of the typewriter it was placed at the bottom of the line, so that a single key could be used as a full stop/period and as a decimal point. In many non-English languages a full-stop/period at the bottom of the line is used as a thousands separator.
Fractions together with an integer are read as follows:
1 1/2 is "one and a half"
6 1/4 is read as "six and a quarter"
7 5/8 is "seven and five eighths"
A space is required between the whole number and the fraction, however, if a special fraction character is used like "½", then the space can be done without, e.g.
·
9 1/2

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